On This Day - July 7, 1892, the
deportation of Dr. Jose Rizal to Dapitan was made public; the Katipunan
was founded
On July 7, 1892, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol made
public the order of the deportation of Dr. Jose Rizal to Dapitan,
through a decree published in the Gaceta, to the remote town in
Zamboanga.
Rizal lived in exile in far-away Dapitan from 1892 to 1896. Under the
missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, he practiced medicine, pursued
scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened
his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted
community development projects, invented a wooden machine for making
bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce.
Meanwhile, on this day, in Tondo, Manila, a group of Filipino patriots,
led by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato
Arellano, among others, formally founded the Katipunan (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mgá Anak ng Bayan), an anti-Spanish society with the goal of gaining Philippine independence.
The Katipunan, initially a secret organzation, had three principal
aims: political, moral and civic. The political aim was to fight for the
independence of the Philippines from Spain. The moral aim was to teach
Filipinos right conduct, cleanliness, and to fight against blind
obedience to religion and to overcome weakness of character. The civic
aim was to help one's self and to defend the poor and the oppressed.
During the next four years, the organization recruited members from
various parts of Manila and nearby provinces. Its discovery in August
1896 eventually led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.
Reference:
Andres Bonifacio by Epifanio delos Santos, The Philippine Review, January/February 1918, Volume 1, Number 1/2
Philippine News Agency archives
Today in Philippine history, July 6, 1765, Jose Raon arrived in Manila to become Governor General
On July 6, 1765, Jose Raon (Jose Antonio Raon y Gutierrez) a native of Navarra,
military officer of high rank, arrived in Manila to assume the
position of Governor-General. He relieved Francisco Javier de la Torre.
(An artist concept of Jesuit priests)
He is remembered as very able but unscrupulous.
He is most conspicuous for his revision of the "Ordinances of Good
Government" drawn up by one of his predecessors Pedro Manuel de Arandia,
the revision being dated February 26, 1768; and the expulsion of the
Jesuits from the islands (1768), in pursuance of the orders received
from Madrid dated March 1, 1767. In 1769 he decreed the expulsion of
the Chinese from Filipinas, although this was not fully enforced.
Early in October, 1766, French astronomer Le Gentil, whose Voyage was
valuable contribution to science and to the history of Filipinas at that
time, arrived at Manila, commissioned by the French government to make
observations on the approaching transit of Venus. Le Gentil noted (in Le
Gentil, Voyage, II) that, Raon was one of the most shrewd of the
governors of Manila in enriching himself without causing any one to
complain. Raon even displayed to him (Le Gentil) the magnificent
"presents" which he had received from the officers of a French ship
which came to Manila in evasion of the standing prohibition of foreign
trade there.
Raon was condemned for having revealed to the Jesuits, beforehand, in
exchange for a large sum of money, the news that their expulsion had
been decreed, and for other acts of disobedience to the royal commands
regarding that expulsion.
The faithlessness of Raon eventually reached the Royal court which sent
Don Simon de Anda (second term) to relieve him and ordered Anda to
immediately commence legal proceedings against Raon. Many charges were
brought against him and three others; these were Francisco Henriquez de
Villacorta and Domingo Blas de Basaraz, members of the Audiencia, and
Juan Antonio Cosio, the governor's secretary.
In most of these charges, Raon tried to make excuses for his conduct, or
to throw the blame on Galvan or Villacorta; but Anda declares that they
were all partly or wholly proved, and that Raon neglected everything in
his official position. His secretary Cosio, was especially denounced
for having drawn up and attested the false declaration that Raon had
obeyed his instructions and performed his duty faithfully in the
expulsion of the Jesuits.
Raon was found guilty on the charge of having given information to the Jesuits of the measures to be taken against them.
Cosio was banished to Africa. Raon died in Manila.
Raon street in Quiapo, Manila was named after him.
Sources:
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators,
descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records
of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and
manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commericial and religious
conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European
nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century; (Volume 50,
1764-1800), Emma Helen Blair, et., al.
Today in Philippine History, July 5, 1992, President Ramos opened two Malacañang extension offices
(Malacañang sa Sugbo, the Malacanang in the Visayas is located in Cebu City along Morga Street across from Plaza Independencia)
On July 5, 1992, President Fidel Ramos opened two Malacañang extension offices, one in Cebu and the other in Davao, as part of his
campaign promise to make the seat of power accessible in the Visayas and Mindanao.
Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the President of the
Philippines. It also houses some national government offices such as the
Malacañang Museum and the Presidential Museum.
The palace is an 18th century villa along the Pasig River located in the
center of Manila. Originally a summer house built by Spanish
aristocrat
Don Luis Rocha, the structure was sold to Colonel Jose Miguel Formente,
and was later purchased by the state in 1825. It has been renovated and
expanded through the decades.
In 1937, it became the official residence of the Philippine President.
Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon was the first Filipino chief
executive to live in Malacañang Palace.
The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R.
Marcos were the longest residents of Malacanang from 1965 to 1986.
Across the Pasig River is Malacañang Park, which contains a golf course,
park, billets for the presidential guards, as well as a
Commonwealth-era
presidential rest house, called Bahay Pangarap, and a recreation hall.
The Malacanang in the Visayas is located in Cebu City. It
is a building originally built in 1910 which previously housed the
Bureau of Customs office in the Port of Cebu City. The building was
restored in 2004 during the administration of Gloria Arroyo.
Today in Philippine history, July 4, 1570, Filipe II legalized the taking of slaves in Mindanao by the Spaniards
(Filipe II of Spain)
On July 4, 1570, King Filipe II promulgated a law legalizing the
taking of slaves in Mindanao by the Spaniards, which had often been
urged, by authorities in Manila, as one of the best methods of subduing
"fierce" people.
The law states (Recopilacion, lib. vi, tit. ii, ley xii):
"The islands of Mindanao are adjacent to those of the district of the
Filipinas. Their natives, who have adopted the religion of Mahomet, have
rebelled; and since then, in alliance with the enemies of this crown,
they have done great harm to our vassals. In order to facilitate their
punishment, it has been deemed an efficacious corrective to declare that
those who should be captured in war be made slaves.
"We order that such be done; but that this distinction be observed,
namely, that if the said Mindanaos be simply heathen, they be not
regarded as slaves; but if they be Moors by nation and birth, and shall
go to other islands to introduce their dogmas or teach their Mahometan
religion, or make war on the Spaniards or Indians who are subject to us,
or hinder our royal service, then in that case they may be made slaves.
But those who are Indians and shall have become Mahometans shall not be
made slaves. Such will be persuaded by lawful and kind methods to be
converted to our holy Catholic faith."
A general law that prohibited slavery of Filipino natives, which was
extended expressly to the Moluccas by a special law, was promulgated by
Felipe III, in Madrid, on October 10, 1618.
Sources:
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators,
descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records
of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and
manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commericial and religious
conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European
nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century; (Volume 35), Emma
Helen Blair, et., al.
Today in Philippine history, July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina
In the night of July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded and
inaugurated the La Liga Filipina at house No. 176 Ilaya St., Tondo. It
was formed not for the purpose of independence, but for mutual aid and
protection of its members, and the fostering of a more united spirit
among Filipinos. Its constitution declared the ends, form, duties of
members and officials, rights of members and officials, the investment
of funds, and general rules.
(An artist concept of Dr. Jose Rizal and other Liga members)
CONSTITUTION OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
Ends:
To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body.
Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
Defense against all violence and injustice.
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce.
Study and application of reforms.
Motto: Unus instar omnium [i.e., one like all.]
Countersign:.
Form:
To set these ends in operation, a Popular Council, a Provincial Council, and a Supreme Council shall be created.
Each Council shall consist of a Chief, a Fiscal, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and members.
The Supreme Council shall consist of the Provincial Chiefs, just as the
Provincial Council shall be composed of the Popular Chiefs.
The Supreme Council shall have command of the Liga Filipina, and shall
deal directly with the Provincial Chiefs and Popular Chiefs.
The Provincial Council shall have command of the Popular Chiefs.
The Popular Council only shall have command of the members.
Each Provincial Council and Popular Council shall adopt a name different from that of their locality or region.
Duties of the Members:
They shall pay monthly dues of ten centimos.
They shall obey blindly and promptly every order emanating from a Council or a Chief.
They shall inform the Fiscal of their Council of whatever they note or hear that has reference to the Liga Filipina.
They shall preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the decisions of the Council.
In all walks of life, preference shall be given to the members. Nothing
shall be bought except in the shop of a member, or whenever anything is
sold to a member, he shall have a rebate. Circumstances being equal, the
member shall always be favored. Every infraction of this article shall
be severely punished.
The member who does not help another member in the case of need or
danger, although able to do so, shall be punished, and at least the same
penalty suffered by the other shall be imposed on him.
Each member, on affiliation, shall adopt a new name of his own choice,
and shall not be able to change the same unless he become a Provincial
Chief.
He shall bring to each Council a service [trabajo; evidently a service
done for the organization], an observation, a study, or a new candidate.
He shall not submit to any humiliation or treat anyone with contempt.
Duties of the Chief:
He shall continually watch over the life of his Council. He shall
memorize the new and real names of all the Councils if he is the Supreme
Chief, and if only a Popular Chief those of all his affiliated members.
He shall constantly study means to unite his subordinates and place them in quick communication.
He shall study and remedy the necessities of the Liga Filipina, of the
Provincial Council, or of the Popular Council, according as he is
Supreme Chief, Provincial Chief, or Popular Chief.
He shall heed all the observations, communications, and petitions which
are made to him, and shall immediately communicate them to the proper
person.
In danger, he shall be the first, and he shall be the first to be held responsible for whatever occurs within a Council.
He shall furnish an example by his subordination to his superior chiefs, so that he may be obeyed in his turn.
He shall see to the very last member, the personification of the entire Liga Filipina.
The omissions of the authorities shall be punished with greater severity than those of the simple members.
Duties of the Fiscal:
The Fiscal shall see to it that all comply with their duty.
He shall accuse in the presence of the Council every infraction or failure to perform his duty in any member of the Council.
He shall inform the Council of every danger or persecution.
He shall investigate the condition of the funds of the Council.
Duties of the Treasurer:
He shall enter in a ledger the new names of the members forming the Council.
He shall render strict monthly account of the dues received, noted by the members themselves, with their special countermarks.
He shall give a receipt and shall have a note of it made in the ledger
in the hand of the donor, for every gift in excess of one peso and not
over fifty.
The Popular Treasurer shall keep in the treasury of the Popular Council,
the third part of the dues collected, for the necessities of the same.
The remainder, whenever it exceeds the sum of ten pesos, shall be
delivered to the Provincial Treasurer, to whom he shall show his ledger,
and himself writing in the ledger of the Provincial Treasurer the
amount delivered. The Provincial Treasurer shall then give a receipt,
and if it is in accordance with the accounts, shall place his 0. K. in
the ledger of the other. Like proceedings shall follow when the
Provincial Treasurer delivers funds in excess of ten pesos to the
Supreme Treasurer.
The Provincial Treasurer shall retain from the sums handed to him by the
Popular Treasurer one-tenth part for the expenses of the Provincial
Council.
Whenever any member desires to give the Liga Filipina a sum in excess of
fifty pesos, he shall deposit the sum in a safe bank, under his vulgar
name and then shall deliver the receipt to the Treasurer of his choice.
Duties of the Secretary:
At each meeting he shall keep a record of proceedings, and shall announce what is to be done.
He shall have charge of the correspondence of the Council. In case of
absence or incapacity, every authority shall name a substitute, until
the Council name one to fill his place.
Rights of the members:
Every member has a right to the moral, material, and pecuniary aid of his Council and of the Liga Filipina.
He may demand that all the members favor him in his trade or profession
whenever he offers as many guaranties as others. For this protection, he
shall transmit to his Popular Chief his real name and his footing, so
that the latter may hand it to the Supreme Chief who shall inform all
the members of the Liga Filipina of it by the proper means.
In any want, injury, or injustice, the member may invoke the whole aid of the Liga Filipina.
He may request capital for an enterprise whenever there are funds in the treasury.
He may demand a rebate of all the institutions or members sustained
directly by the Liga Filipina, for all articles [sold him] or services
rendered him.
No member shall be judged without first being allowed his defense.
Rights of the Secretary [sic; Chief?]
He shall not be discussed unless an accusation of the Fiscal precede.
For want of time and opportunity, he may act by and with himself, as he
has the obligation to perform the charges which may be laid on him.
Within the Council he shall be the judge of every question or dispute.
He shall be the only one who shall be empowered to know the real names of his members or subordinates.
He shall have ample power to organize the details of the meetings,
communications, and undertakings, for their efficacity, security, and
rapid despatch.
Whenever a Popular Council is sufficiently numerous, the Provincial
Chief may create other subordinate Councils after first appointing the
authorities. Once constituted, he shall allow them to elect their
authorities according to the regulations.
Every Chief shall be empowered to establish a Council in a village where
none exists, after which he shall inform the Supreme Council or
Provincial Council.
The Chief shall appoint the Secretary.
Rights of the Fiscal:
He shall cause every accused person to go out or appear while his case is being discussed in the Council.
He shall be able to examine the ledgers at any time.
Rights of the Treasurer:
He shall dispose of the funds in an urgent and imperious necessity of
any member or of the Council, with the obligation of giving account and
answering before the tribunal of the Liga Filipina.
Rights of the Secretary:
He may convoke extra meetings or assemblies in addition to the monthly meetings.
Investment of the funds:
The member or his son, who while not having
means, shall show application and great capacities shall be sustained.
The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person.
The member who shall have suffered loss shall be aided.
Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry or for agriculture.
The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country, shall be favored.
Shops, stores, and establishments shall be opened, where the members may be accommodated more economically than elsewhere.
The Supreme Chief shall have power to dispose of the funds in needy
cases, whenever he later renders an account to the Supreme Council.
General Rules:
No one shall be admitted without a previous and unanimous vote of the
Council of his village, and without satisfying the tests to which he
must submit.
Offices shall end every two years, except when there is an accusation by the Fiscal.
In order to obtain the posts, three-fourths of all the votes present shall be required.
The members shall elect the Popular Chief, the Popular Fiscal, and the
Popular Treasurer. The Popular authorities shall elect the Provincial
authorities; and the Provincial authorities shall elect the Supreme
authorities.
Every time that a member becomes the Popular Chief, that fact shall be
communicated to the Supreme Chief, together with his new and old names;
and the same shall be done whenever a new Council shall be founded.
Communications in ordinary times, shall bear only the symbolical names
both of the writer and of the persons for whom they are intended, and
the course to be pursued shall be from the member to the Popular Chief,
from the latter to the Provincial Chief or the Supreme Chief, and vice
versa. In extraordinary cases alone shall these formalities be omitted.
However, in any time or place, the Supreme Chief may address anyone
directly.
It is not necessary for all the members of a Council to be present to
render decisions valid. It shall be sufficient if one-half the members
are present and one of the authorities.
In critical moments, each Council shall be considered as the safeguard
of the Liga Filipina, and if for any cause or other the other Councils
are dissolved or disappear, each Council, each Chief, each member, shall
take upon himself the mission of reorganizing and reestablishing them.
This constitution was partly printed at London, at the London Printing
Press, No. 25 Khulug St., in both Spanish and Tagalog. Those parts
printed (the ends, duties of the members, and the general rules) contain
some changes from Rizal's MS. Preceding the constitution proper is the
membership pledge to the Liga. It is as follows: "Number. i.. To.. of..
I.. of.. years of age, of.. state, profession., as a chosen son of
Filipinas, declare under formal oath that I know and entirely understand
the ends aimed at by the Liga Filipina, whose text appears on the back
of the present. Therefore, I submit myself, and of my own accord
petition the chief.. of this province, to admit me as a member and
coworker in the same, and for that purpose I am ready to unconditionally
lend the necessary proofs that may be demanded of me, in testimony of
my sincere adhesion! " The ends of this printed text are the same as
those of the MS. The motto is the same, and there is also a place for a
countersign.
The duties of the members are somewhat changed, the changes being as follows:
1. He shall pay two pesos for one single time, as an entrance fee, and
fifty centimos as monthly fee, from the month of his entrance.
2. With the consciousness of what he owes to his fatherland, for whose
prosperity and through the welfare that he ought to covet for his
parents, children, brothers and sisters, and the beloved beings who
surround him, he must sacrifice every personal interest, and blindly and
promptly obey every command, every order, verbal or written, which
emanates from his Council or from the Provincial Chief.
3. He shall immediately inform, and without the loss of a moment, the
authorities of his Council of whatever he sees, notes, or hears that
constitutes danger for the tranquillity of the Liga Filipina or anything
touching it. He shall earnestly endeavor to be sincere, truthful, and
minute in all that he shall have to communicate.
4. He shall observe the utmost secrecy in regard to the deeds, acts, and
decisions of his Council and of the Liga Filipina in general from the
profane, even though they be his parents, brothers and sisters,
children, etc., at the cost of his own life, for this is the means by
which the member will obtain what he most desires in life." Articles 5,
6, 7, 8, and 9 are the same.
The general rules of the printed version are as follows:
"In order that the candidate may be admitted as a member to the Liga
Filipina, he must possess morality, good habits, not have been proceeded
against justifiably as a robber, shall not be a gambler, drunkard, or
libertine. The candidate must solicit and petition his entrance from a
member; and the latter shall communicate it to his Fiscal, for the
investigations that must be made in regard to his conduct."
On Dec. 30, 1903, a monument was erected to Rizal, to his companions,
and to other founders of the Liga Filipina by the village of Tondo, on a
site given by Timoteo Paez, one of the members of the Liga. On the
monument is the following inscription: "Remember [this word in English,
the rest in Spanish]. Facing this site and at house No. 176 Ilaya St.,
Dr. Rizal founded and inaugurated on the night of July 3, I892, the Liga
Filipina, a national secret society, with the assistance and approval
of the following gentlemen:
Founder, Dr. Rizal; shot.
Board of directors- president, Ambrosio Salvador; arrested.
Fiscal, Agustin de la Rosa; arrested.
Treasurer, Bonifacio Arevalo; arrested.
Secretary, Deodato Arellano; first president of the national war Katipunan society; arrested.
Members
Andres Bonifacio; supreme head of the Katipunan, who uttered the first warcry against tyranny, August 24, 1896.
Mamerto Natividad; seconded, in Nueva Ecija, the movement of Andres Bonifacio, August 28, 1896; shot.
Domingo Franco; supreme head of the Liga Filipina; shot.
Moises Salvador; venerable master of the respected lodge, Balagtas; shot.
Numeriano Adriano; first guard of the respected lodge, Balagtas; shot.
Jose A. Dizon; venerable master of the respected lodge, Taliba; shot.
Apolinario Mabini; legislator; arrested.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista; first patriot of '68; arrested.
Timoteo Lanuza; initiator of the manifestation for the expulsion of the friars in I888; arrested.
Marcelino de Santos; arbitrator and protector of La Solidaridad, the Filipino organ in Madrid; arrested.
Paulino Zamora; venerable master of the respected lodge, Lusong; deported.
Juan Zulueta; member of the respected lodge, Lusong; died.
Doroteo Ongjunco; member of the respected lodge, Lusong; owner of the house.
Arcadio del Rosario; orator of the respected lodge, Balagtas; arrested.
Timoteo Paez; arrested.
Sources:
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators,
descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records
of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and
manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commericial and religious
conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European
nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century; (Vol. 1, no. 52),
Emma Helen Blair, MCMVII
On the rainy evening of July 2, 1650, Francisco Macombo lead the assault on the fortification of Palapag Mesa, which eventually ended the Sumuroy rebellion.
The victorious Don Gines de Rojas ascended the hill with his whole army, and destroyed the insurgent quarters by setting fire to them. Having published a general pardon, those who had been insurgents before, presented themselves in peace including Don Pedro Caamug.
Sumuroy and his father survived the battle but refused to give up.
The Dutch who were headquartered in Formosa (present day Taiwan) never came.
Sumuroy was beheaded by his own men as demanded by Don Gines de Roxas. At first this demand was not taken seriously by the men of Sumuroy who would send a pig's head instead Sumuroy's head.
Later as a token of obedience, his head was presented by his men, without anyone asking for it.
Sources:
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Emma Helen Blair, Volume 38 Gems of Philippine oratory; selections representing fourteen centuries of Philippine thought, carefully compiled from credible sources in substitution for the pre-Spanish writings destroyed by missionary zeal, to supplement the later literature stunted by intolerant religious and political censorship, and as specimens of the untrammeled present-day utterances, by Austin Craig
Today in Philippine History, July 1, 1788, de Marquina arrived in Manila as Governor-general
On July 1, 1788, Felix Berenguer de Marquina arrived in Manila and assumed his post as governor-general of the Philippines. De Marquina
made Manila an open port to all foreign commerce. Manila and Cavite were fortified and the Spanish military force increased.
(Felix Berenguer de Marquina)
Marquina took much pains to have the obras pias honestly
administered. He ordered that the nipa houses which still existed
within the walls of
Manila should be torn down, as being both a disfigurement and a danger
to the city. During his term of office, a severe epidemic of smallpox
was
experienced in the Islands; he gave large sums to the parish priests to
relieve the poverty caused by the pestilence.
The islands during his time, were ravaged by the Moros year after year,
the naval force of the Spaniards doing little more than to remain on the
defensive. He wrote the King in 1789 saying that "the continual warfare of the Moros was an evil without remedy".
It is recorded that the terms of Basco (his predecessor) and
Marquina's (in all, fifteen years), spent over 1,500,000 pesos fuertes
in building and arming vessels to chastise the pirates.
Marquina proposed that Filipinas should be made a viceroyalty, and the
viceroy be rendered independent of the Audiencia and of the religious
orders. Among many other reforms he proposed were:
The reform of the chief accountancy by limiting its exorbitant powers;
The establishment of an acordado, or a sort of police, in the
provinces, directed rather to intimidating and restraining criminals by
means of vigilance than to punishing them with harshness and violence;
Allowance of fixed and decent salaries to the alcaldes-mayor, and
putting a stop to their trading (which absorbed all their time, with
great risks to impartial conduct and justice);
The desirability of abolishing the odious monopolies on playing-cards and gunpowder;
The transfer of the natives from the Batanes Islands to Cagayan, on
account of the wretched condition of the former; and the advantage of
occupying, in preference to the Batanes, the island of Mindoro - which
was richer, and nearer to Manila, and at the time reduced to the utmost
indigence by having been abandoned (by its inhabitants) and by the
incursions of the Moros.
Taking advantage of the eluvial gold deposit, so abundant in the
country, from which was obtained no less than 200,000 pesos worth of
gold a year;
The establishment of a mint, with which the exportation of gold from the country would be avoided.
However Marquina was met with much trouble in his government, from
"class interests" and from the ingratitude of those whom he had helped.
He resigned his office in 1793 and returned to España "poor and
disheartened".
Felix Berenguer de Marquina was accused of selling offices through the
agency of a woman. He suffered a hard residencia, and was not permitted
to depart for España except by leaving a deposit of 50,000 pesos
fuertes, with which to be responsible for the charges made against him.
At Madrid, he was sentenced to pay 40,000 pesos.
Marquina's successor was a military officer, Rafael Maria de Aguilar y
Ponce de Leon who began his duties as Governor-general on September 1,
1793.
References
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, volume 1, number 50, Emma Helen
Blair, James Alexander Robertson, Edward Gaylord Bourne. University of
Michigan
Library, 2005.
