On June 14, 1945, combined forces of Filipino and American
soldiers defeated the Japanese troops of General Tomoyuki Yamashita in
the epic Battle of Bessang Pass in Northern Luzon.
(Japanese General Yamasita in Ifugao)
This was a three-month uphill battle between the guerrilla forces under
Colonel Russell Volckman in the Cordilleras on the border of Ifugao and
Mountain Province close to Cervantes town in Ilocos Sur.
The fall of the Japanese to the hands of the United States Armed Forces
in the Philippines paved the way for the entrapment of Yamashita's
forces in the Cordilleras. Yamashita finally surrendered in September
1945.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita was known as the “Tiger of Malaya”, a nickname he earned for conquering Singapore.
On June 13, 1896, Casimiro V. del Rosario, who was recognized in 1984 as National Scientist in Physics, Astronomy and Meteorology, was born in Bantayan, Cebu.
(Dr. Casimiro del Rosario)
Dr. Del Rosario is known for his researches on ultraviolet light of different wavelengths, effect of radioactive radiation on euglena (a genus of unicellular organisms), high voltage electrical discharges in a vacuum, and many other accomplishments.
He finished BS in Civil Engineering with honors at the University of the
Philippines in 1918; MS in Physics at Yale University in the United
States in 1924; and PhD in Physics at the University of Pennsylvania in
1932.
Notably, Del Rosario was the co-founder of the Bartol Research
Foundation (Franklin Institute) in Philadelphia, an institution which
did pioneering researches in physics.
Del Rosario also headed the Philippine Weather Bureau (now Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Adminstration
(PAGASA)) for 11 years. He was vice chair for the National Science
Development Board in 1958.
He was given the Presidential Award in 1965 for his outstanding works in physics, meteorology and astronomy.
On This Day - June 12,1898 - General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippine Republic as an independent country, demanding a “dignified place in the concert of free nations.”
The Philippines declared independence after more than 300 years under Spanish rule.
Every June 12th, Filipinos celebrate their freedom by flying their national flag high in the sky.
While there were many who fought for Filipino independence, there are a few people who are honored and remembered as heros for their contributions in securing the country’s independence. José Rizal was a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement and inspired a wave of nationalism through his writings. Andrés Bonifacio, “The Father of the Philippine Revolution”, formed a secret society called the Katipunan and led a number of successful campaigns against the Spanish. General Emilio Aguinaldo was another notable figure who fought alongside the United States during the Spanish-American War. It was he who, on June 12, proclaimed the Philippine Republic as an independent country, demanding a “dignified place in the concert of free nations.”
Alongside celebrating the heroes mentioned above, Filipinos also attend parades, speeches and a 21-gun salute in the capital city of Manila. The national anthem is sung far and wide throughout the archipelago, and people usually enjoy the day off at parks and malls. It wouldn’t be a holiday without some famous foods like kare-kare (oxtail and vegetable stew topped with thick peanut sauce) and halo-halo (shaved ice sundae).
Happy Araw ng Kasarinlán, or Independence Day, to the Philippines!
On June 11, 1978, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1530,
the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as the
Pag-IBIG Fund was established to answer to the need for a national
savings program and an affordable shelter financing for the Filipino
worker. Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno.
Under the said law, there were two agencies that administered the Fund.
The Social Security System (SSS) which handled the funds of private
employees and the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) handled the
savings of government workers. Less than a year after on March 1,
1979, Executive Order No. 527 was signed directing the transfer of the
administration of the Fund to the National Home Mortgage Finance
Corporation, which was one of the operating agencies of the then
Ministry of Human Settlements.
Seeing the need to further strengthen the stability and viability of the
two funds, Executive Order No. 538 was issued on June 4, 1979, merging
the funds for private and government personnel into what is now known as
the Pag-IBIG Fund. However, it was only on December 14, 1980 when
Pag-IBIG was made independent from the NHMFC with the signing of PD
1752, which amended PD 1530. With the improved law in effect, the Fund's
rule-making power was vested in its own Board of Trustees. Likewise,
PD 1752 made Pag-IBIG membership mandatory for all SSS and GSIS
member-employees.
The administration Fund underwent some changes after former President
Corazon C. Aquino assumed leadership of the country. Pag-IBIG
contributions were suspended from May to July 1986. This gave way to
the Presidential Task Force on Shelter to conduct a thorough review of
the Fund and its operations. The task force later affirmed that Pag-IBIG
Fund was run professionally and that there were no anomalies in the
Fund.
On August 1, 1986, former President Aquino directed the resumption of
Pag-IBIG membership under Executive Order No. 35. Membership was still
on a mandatory basis but under more liberal terms. For one,
contribution rate was reduced from three percent to one percent for
employees earning over P1,500. Employer share was likewise cut from
three percent to a fixed rate of two percent. The Maximum Fund Salary
was raised from P3,000 to P5,000.
On January 1, 1987 voluntary membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund was
returned under Executive Order No. 90. While many companies chose to
discontinue their Pag-IBIG membership, quite a number, including big
companies like PLDT and Dole Philippines opted to retain their
membership to the Fund despite the voluntary nature of registration.
Facing challenges head on, confronted with the sudden reduction in its
membership base, Pag-IBIG stood unfazed and took the challenges head on.
As a first step, the Fund implemented an intensified marketing campaign
that focused on membership retention and generation. It was during the
years as a voluntary fund that Pag-IBIG evolved from an institution
primarily for savings and housing into an agency with a wider reach that
covers almost all other needs.
Pag-IBIG introduced innovative benefit programs that heeded the calls
for expansion of membership to include self-employed groups with
informal income, overseas Filipino workers, and non-earning spouses. It
also launched other novel programs such as the Multi-Purpose Loan for
its short-term loans program, and shelter programs that address both
individual and institutional housing requirements. Clearly, the
voluntary nature of Pag-IBIG membership did not stop the Fund from
growing in depth and breadth. During the period, the Pag-IBIG Fund has
claimed its rightful place in the country's economic and financial
system, finally gaining the acceptance of its members, not by force, but
by its continuing efforts to impress upon the members that the Fund
exists solely for their benefit as well as their beneficiaries.
On June 17, 1994, after eight years as a voluntary fund, the nature of
Pag-IBIG membership reverted to mandatory when President Fidel V. Ramos
signed Republic Act 7742. The new law became effective on January 1,
1995.
Today, more than a decade after the universal Pag-IBIG coverage law was
implemented, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to be a strong partner in
realizing Filipino workers' dreams. Over the years, it initiated more
programs and projects, particularly those that address the needs of
members belonging to the bottom economic level. The Fund has established
special housing partnerships with teachers and uniformed men, among
others. The Rent-to-Own Program was introduced, providing members
another affordable way of homeownership. The Fund's efforts towards
housing the Filipino did not go unnoticed. During the World Habitat Day
celebration in October 2006, Pag-IBIG was given the prestigious Scroll
of Honour Awards by the United Nations Human Settlements Program
(UN-Habitat) for "making the dream of affordable housing a reality for hundreds of thousands of households."
Pag-IBIG is the first Philippine government agency to be awarded such
recognition. The Fund likewise strengthened its partnership with
accredited developers by way of its various institutional lending
programs, among which is the much-sought after program for the
development of medium and high-rise condominium buildings. The program
provides a ready inventory of condominium units for sale at affordable
prices, and allows members to experience condominium style living in
areas close to their places of work.
In recent years, the Fund has embarked on its successful bid in the
financial market, moving a step closer to its vision of becoming a
premier and globally competitive provident financial institution. In
2001, the Fund floated P2 billion-worth of Pag-IBIG Housing Bonds to
generate additional funds for its shelter financing programs, which was
warmly received by both institutional and individual investors. The
bonds matured in late 2006.
HDMF Law of 2009 Recognizing HDMF's contributions through the years and
the need to further strengthen its capability as the biggest source of
housing finance in the country to date, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law Republic Act No. 9679 or the Home
Development Mutual Fund Law of 2009. The law was signed on July 21,
2009. Under the new HDMF law, membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund is made
mandatory for all SSS and GSIS covered employees; uniformed members of
the AFP, BFP, BJMP and PNP; as well as Filipinos employed by
foreign-based employers.
Now more than ever, Filipino workers will enjoy the benefits that are
available only to Pag-IBIG members. Likewise, the law grants the HDMF
exemption from tax payments like other government provident
institutions. With its tax-exempt status reinstated, Pag-IBIG will have
more funds to finance housing and short-term loans as well as
investments in government securities. Income from these endeavors is
distributed exclusively to Pag-IBIG members in the form of dividends.
The HDMF Law of 2009 also gives the Board of Trustees the authority to
set the contribution rates, thereby paving the way for members to save
more for their future. Similarly, this will bolster the Fund's resources
for home financing.
To this day, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to harness these four sectors
of the society to work together towards providing Fund members with
adequate housing through an effective savings scheme.
References
Philippine News Agency archives
About page, Home Development Mutual Fund (http://www.pagibigfund.gov.ph/)
On-This-Day - June 10,1928 - Birth of Mercedes B. Concepcion is a Filipino social scientist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2010. Concepcion was also dubbed the "Mother of Asian Demography" because of her contributions in population studies and policy within the region.
Mercedes B. Concepcion (born June 10, 1928) is a Filipino social scientist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines
in 2010. Concepcion was also dubbed the "Mother of Asian Demography"
because of her contributions in population studies and policy within the
region. In 2002, she was named the "First Filipino Demographer" by the
Philippine American Foundation. A few years later, she won the 2005 United Nations
Population Award for her outstanding work in population studies on
social and economic development, urbanization, and public health and
welfare. Concepcion is currently the Vice President of the Executive
Council of the National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST) and is a Trustee for both the Philippine Center for Population
and Development (PCPD) and Foundation for Adolescent Development, among
several other roles.
Shortly
following her studies at the University of Sydney, Concepcion returned
to the Philippines in 1955 to become first Filipino staff member of the
United Nations Statistical Training Centre at the University of the
Philippines. After finishing up her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago,
she returned to the Philippines again to serve multiple leadership
roles. She was member and chairperson of the Preparatory Committees for
the Asian Population Conferences of 1963, 1972, 1984, and 1994.
Concepcion also worked with the Vatican as one of the two Asian members of the Birth Control Commission in 1964.[3] This commission led to the formation of the famous encyclical Humanae Vitae in 1968. She also became the first Director of the newly established UP Population Institute (UPPI) in 1964.[4] In 1967, she was the first and sole Philippine Representative to the United Nations (UN) Population Commission.[2]
In addition, Concepcion was the first Woman to chair this UN Population
Commission from 1969 to 1977, and the first Asian woman to be elected
President of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population in 1981-1985.[5][6]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she headed the Organization of
Demographic Associates (ODA) composed of population institutes in Asia.[2]
Here, she implemented research studies on migration, urbanization, the
elderly, and population and development issues. She also chaired the
Steering Committee on the Social and Psychological Determinants of
Fertility Regulation of the World Health Organization. This Committee reviewed research and action program proposals for funding.[2]
In 1986, Concepcion chaired the Committee to Review the
Philippine Statistical System. Approximately twenty years later, she was
again appointed to the Committee to Review the Philippine Statistical
System which recommended legislation for setting up the Philippine Statistics Authority which was passed into law on 31 October 2013.[7]
Her reviews led to the creation of the National Statistical
Coordination Board as well as the reorganization of agencies such as the
National Statistics Office, Statistical Research and Training Center,
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, and Bureau of Labor and Employment
Statistics.[8]
Concepcion was also involved with different social science
organizations. She was one of the founding members of the Philippine
Social Science Council and served as its first chairperson. She remains
an active member of the Philippine Sociological Society, Philippine
Statistical Association, and Philippine Population Association.[8]
Adding to the list of roles, Concepcion has also served as a
consultant for several international organizations such as the United
Nations Population Fund, the UN Development Fund, the UN Statistical
Office, the UN Training and Research Institute for the Advancement of
Women, and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.[2]
Awards and recognition
In 2002, Concepcion was named the "First Filipino Demographer" by the Philippine American Foundation.[2]
In 2005, she won the United Nations
Population Award for work in population studies on social and economic
development, urbanization, and public health and welfare.[9]
On This Day - June 9, 1904 - Artemio Ricarte was accused of conspiracy, rebellion and insurrection against the Americans
On June 9, 1904, noted Filipino General, Artemio "Vivora" Ricartewas accused of illegal possession of firearms, conspiracy, rebellion and insurrection against the Americans.
(General Artemio "Vivora" Ricarte)
Dubbed as the "Father of the Philippine Army", Ricarte was the Chief of Operations of the Philippine forces during the Philippine-American War which started in 1899.
Ricarte
was captured in Manila in 1900 and deported to Guam along with other
leaders of the insurrection. General Ricarte, Apolinario Mabini and
others were eventually pardoned and were allowed to return home in 1903.
Mabini pledged his allegiance to the Americans but died few weeks later
of cholera. Ricarte who refused to take the oath was not allowed to set
foot in the Philippines and was instead shipped to Hong Kong. He
secretely returned shortly after and raised a revolt in the Rizal
province area.
Ricarte would spend the next six years at Bilibid Prison.
In
1910 upon his release from prison he was again ordered to pledge his
oath of allegiance to the United States but would again refuse and would
again be deported to Hong Kong.
Ricarte
and his wife eventually moved to Yokohama, Japan where they lived in
self exile until the invasion of the Philippines by Japan in 1941. It is
said that the Japanese flew "Vibora" back home to help the Japanese
pacify the Filipinos.
In
1944, during the Japanese occupation, Ricarte together with fellow
veteran revolutionist Generals Leon Villafuerte, and Andres Villanueva,
Benigno Ramos of Ganap Party (formerly Sakdal Party), Pio Duran and
others, established the MAKAPILI(Kalipunang Makabayan ng mga Pilipino- "Patriotic League of Filipinos"), an armed pro-Japanese militia to fight the American forces.
Some
accounts said that towards the end of World War II, Ricarte was asked
by a Japanese military officer to evacuate the Philippines but Ricarte
declined, stating:
"I
can not take refuge in Japan at this critical moment when my people are
in distress. I will stay in my Motherland to the last."
Due
to the hardship and difficulties from evading American and Filipino
attacks, Ricarte became ill and suffered from debilitating dysentery.
On July 31, 1945 at Hungduan, Ifugao, Artemio "Vivora" Ricarte died at the age of 78.
Sources:
Philippines News Agency archives
American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines, Volume 29, Number 2, February 1953
History of the Philippines, David P. Barrows, 1925
On June 8, 1625, the revolt Nueva Segovia (present day Cagayan province) took place in a village called Abulag led by Don Miguel Lanab and a person only known as Alababan. The rebellion started with the killing of Fray Alonso Garcia and Fray Onofre Palao by Lanab and Alababan, followed by burning a church.
The following is the account of this event extracted from Chapter XXVIII of Aduarte's Historia, The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Vol. 1, no. 32, Emma Helen Blair, et. al.
On the eighth of June, the first Sunday after the most Holy Trinity, a great misfortune occurred in the revolt of some Indians of the province of Nueva Segovia. Turning their backs on the faith, they gave it up and fled to the mountains - a thing which caused great grief to the ministers of the holy gospel.
In that province, above a village named Abulug, near a river which comes down from the mountain, two villages had been formed by gathering the inhabitants together. They were called Nuestra Sefiora del Rossario de Fotol, as has been recounted in this history, and San Lorenzo de Capinatan. In the latter there lived some Indians known as Mandayas, a wild and fierce tribe whose native abode was in mountainous places about the bay of Bigan in Ylocos.
The religious ministered to them and assisted them in their necessities, taught them the law of God, and baptized many people, for these people generally asked holy baptism from them. Their evil nature, which was perverse and restless, and their affection for their ancient places of abode so attracted them that it seemed as if in that village they were caught fast by the hair. Three times they endeavored to escape to the mountains; and though they were prevented twice, and their efforts came to nothing, this last time they so planned their attempt, and kept it so secret, that they carried out their evil purpose. With this object, they stirred up the old inhabitants of Capinatan, and persuaded those of Fotol, bringing them to join them by means of threats and prayers. Some of the people of Fotol became so obstinate that they were worse than the Mandayas, the first movers of the insurrection. Afterward the Mandayas who were in Capinatan rose; and two of them, Don Miguel Lanab and another chief named Alababan, set the enterprise in motion by going to the church to speak to the religious who was there at the time. This was father Fray Alonso Garcia, a son of the convent of San Pablo at Valladolid, who had said a first mass in the village of Fotol, and a second in Capinatan, and was now at dinner with brother Fray Onofre Palao, a lay religious from the convent of Manila. They were seated at their meal in a little corridor of the house.
Their assailants came up, and each one standing beside the religious whom he was to decapitate, they made a pretense of asking permission to go to some villages on their ancient lands. Father Fray Alonso, who had but recently come, referred the request to the regular minister of the village, and asked them to wait till he should come, because he was in another village. At this point Alababan raised his arm, and with his balanao or knife he struck such a blow on the neck of Fray Onofre that he cut off his head to the backbone, leaving it hanging by only a little bit of skin. Don Miguel Lanab, who had not acted so promptly, lifted his knife, and father Fray Alonso naturally raised his hand to protect his head. The knife cut through this and the blow went on and reached his head. Father Fray Alonso rose from the table and fell on his knees like a gentle lamb; and the Mandaya traitor repeated the blow, giving him another on the head.
The Indian boys who served at the table began to scream; and the transgressors, that they might not be caught in so perfidious an act, made their escape. Some Indians who were ignorant of the conspiracy came, and took father Fray Alonso to the house of a chief, where some medicines were applied to the wound. As they were preparing a barge in which to take him down to the village of Abulug, the Mandayas came, and prevented them from doing so by threats. They took him back to the house of the chieftainess: and while father Fray Alonso was exhorting the people to come back to obedience, and expounding to them the evil of which they were guilty in apostatizing from the faith, three Mandayas came in, and with their keen balanaos or knives cut to pieces the confessor of Christ. They afterward threw out the pieces from the house, to be eaten by the swine who were there.
As a result of this atrocious deed, the Mandayas rose in a body and roused the Capinatas; and, coming down to Fotol, they forced the people there by menaces to flee with them to the mountains. They set fire to the churches, and, as members of Satan, they defiled them by a thousand sacrileges. They struck off the head of a Christ, and cut the body down the middle, dividing it into two parts, which were afterward found by the religious who came to bring them back to obedience. The religious buried these, the uprising of the Mandayas (of whose severe punishment we shall soon hear) allowing no opportunity for anything else.
With regard to Fray Alonso Garcia, several matters worthy of remark were noted. The first was this. Some months before, while he was living in the convent in Capinatan, he one night had put himself into the posture of prayer in the dormitory, with his breviary in his hand. At this time the convent was disturbed by an imp who caused so much trouble that he would not give the religious any rest, and from whose visitations there was not in all the convent any place that was free. He disturbed them in the dormitory, he made a noise in the cells, he feigned the noise of a struggle in the church; and sometimes he let himself fall with a clatter that was heard in the village, and he would throw himself down from the choir. He used to walk up and down in the church, and he made his appearance in the larders, where he broke all the plates there were; he made a noise under the beds, and struck the heads of the bedsteads; and sounded the strings of a harp which they had for use at masses on some feasts. This disturbance lasted until the breaking-out of the uprising, and must have been a prognostication of it, and a sign of what the devil was devising to disquiet the Christians of this village.
Now while father Fray Alonso was praying, the imp came to him, invisible to everyone in the dormitory, and struck the father a heavy blow, so that he felt pain in the same hand and wrist, in the place where the blow afterward fell which cut it off. This was the first of the things referred to. The second was that he thought so little of himself, and had so little confidence in his own works, that he was accustomed to say that if he did not die by some fortunate blow which should take away his life and despatch him to heaven, he did not know whether he should go there. This he said because of his humility, and the event was as he said. Another matter was that, although father Fray Alonso was not a very skilful linguist, and not one of those who had made the greatest progress in speaking the language of that tribe, yet when he was wounded by the first blows and was urging the Indians not to flee, and telling them of the harm which would come to them if they did so, he spoke with such elegance and precision that the Indians were amazed to hear him; and they noted this as a striking fact at the time, and told of it afterward. He was very charitable, and was in the habit of praising all and of speaking of the defects of himself alone. He came to the Philippinas in the year 1622, and lived in the province of Nueva Segovia- where, in his third year, he met with the happy death which keen knives, directed by hands of apostates from the faith, bring to ministers of the holy gospel.
The intermediate chapter of 1628 made mention of these two religious in the following words: "In the province of Nueva Segovia father Fray Alonso Garcia, a priest, and brother Fray Onofre Palao, a lay brother, died happily by the hands of impious apostates, an uprising of the Indians to whom they ministered having occurred."
In the place where father Fray Alonso was cut to pieces, there was afterward raised in his honor a small shrine. The Indians were brought back in the following year, and this tribe used devoutly to frequent this shrine. The dwelling of the religious had stood where Fray Onofre had been killed, and here it was erected again.
Since the first building was burned, it was supposed that the fire had consumed his body at the same time - although some Spaniards have some small bones which they value, believing that these are his, because they found them where he was decapitated.
References
Philippines News Agency archives Chapter XXVIII of Aduarte's Historia (via The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Vol. 1, no. 32, Emma Helen Blair et al, 1911, University of Michigan Digital Library).
"I can not take refuge in Japan at this critical moment when my people are in distress. I will stay in my Motherland to the last."