On This Day - May 29, 2012 - Chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, Renato Corona, was removed from office


On May 29, 2012

Chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, Renato Corona, was removed from office

 

 



The chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, Renato Corona, was removed from office after an impeachment trial and conviction by the Senate for failure to declare about $4.2m. 

The vote was a watershed moment in Philippine politics, marking the first time an upper level official has been impeached and removed through official channels.

 

Renato Tirso Antonio Coronado Corona was a Filipino judge who was the 23rd chief justice of the Philippines from 2010 to 2012. Wikipedia

Born: October 15, 1948, Santa Ana, Manila, Philippines
Died: April 29, 2016, Pasig, Philippines
Full name: Renato Tirso Antonio Coronado Corona

 

On This Day - May 28, 1898 - The Philippine flag was first unfurled after Battle at Alapan

 

The First Unfurling of the
Philippine National Flag

Today in History - May 28, 1898 - The Philippine flag was first unfurled after Battle at Alapan


On May 28, 1898, the Philippine flag was first unfurled after the Philippine Revolutionary Army defeated Spanish forces in the "Battle at Alapan", Imus, Cavite. The national flag was yet to be formally announced on the day of that battle. It was formally presented to the people on June 12, 1898.
From 1919, when the Philippine flag was once more legalized, until 1940, Flag Day was observed in October, the date the Philippine Legislature had restored the flag. From 1941 to 1964, Flag Day was commemorated on the date the national flag was unfurled in Kawit: June 12.
However, in 1965, since Flag Day coincided with Independence Day, in order to commemorate the date the national emblem was first unfurled in battle, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 374, 1965, which moved National Flag Day to May 28.
On May 23, 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 179, stretching National Flag Day into an extended period, from May 28 to June 12, culminating in the celebration of Independence Day. All Filipinos are encouraged to display the Philippine flag in all offices, agencies, and instruments of government, business establishments, schools, and private homes throughout this period.
(from "The Flag Days: May 28 to June 1", Official Gazette, GOVPH)

 

May 28 is Philippine Flag Day 


Before his return to the Philippines to resume the revolution, General Emilio Aguinaldo had a  flag sewn in Hong Kong.  This was the flag displayed during the declaration of independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite which, since then (with minor modifications) had become the national flag of the Philippines.  On February 12, 1998,  President Fidel Ramos signed Republic Act 8491, known as the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines," prescribing the code of the National flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines.  Under Section 26 of this code, the official celebration of "Flag Days" was prescribed from May 28 to June 12.  May 28 as "Flag Day" was first proclaimed in 1965 by President Diosdado Macapagal.  This day commemorates the date when the Philippine flag, brought home by General Aguinaldo was first unfurled.

May 28, 1898 was the date of the first military engagement of Filipino revolutionary forces in the renewed revolution against Spain.  Also considered  as their first major victory, it inspired General Aguinaldo to display for the first time, the Philippine flag. But while the battle took place in Alapan, Imus, Cavite; the first unfurling of the flag, contrary to some history textbook accounts, happened in Cavite City, then known as Cavite Nuevo (new Cavite) or Cavite Puerto (Cavite Port) where the army's Cuartel Heneral, the Teatro Caviteño was located. 

Revisiting the events before the battle of Alapan

Picture
Gen Aguinaldo / Adm Dewey / Col Leyba
On May 19, 1898, between noon and one o'clock in the afternoon General Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite from Hong Kong aboard the revenue cutter McCulloch, which was sent for him by American Admiral George Dewey.  Dewey was responsible for the destruction of the Spanish Armada in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, in the naval battle that brought the Spanish-American War to the Philippines. General Aguinaldo, with his adjutant and secretary Colonel Jose Leyba, met him for the first time aboard his flagship,  USS Olympia; where they talked about the previous conferences initiated by U.S. Consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounseville Wildman between the 22nd and 25th of April 1898. 

(Aguinaldo  in his memoirs recalled that he met with Pratt and Wildman in Singapore.  In this meeting,  he was persuaded to resume the revolution with the assurance from Admiral George Dewey, according to Pratt, that the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines.  There  was no written, formal agreement as he was assured that the words of a U.S. Consul and an Admiral   were sufficient guarantees.) 

Dewey and Aguinaldo also discussed the arms shipment being delayed in China for which, Dewey offered to dispatch a streamer to expedite its arrival.  Dewey was said to have also advised Aguinaldo that should they destroy the power of Spain, the hoisting of a Philippine National Flag would appear more important and credible in the eyes of the world and the United States in particular.

After the meeting with Admiral Dewey, General Aguinaldo went directly to the shorelines of Cavite Puerto to meet the revolutionary forces from Bataan purposely to hand the order of general uprising in the provinces of Bataan and Zambales. The following day, May 20, 1898, seventy two Filipino (Spanish military) volunteers from San Roque and Caridad armed with Remington and Mauser rifles surrendered to General Aguinaldo and they were dispatched to Dalahican, Cavite to prevent the Spanish soldiers from entering Cavite Puerto. On the same day sixty two Mausers with rounds of ammunition, seized from a Spanish warship and brought from Corregidor Island by the USS Petrel, arrived at the dock of the Cavite Arsenal and immediately distributed to the revolutionaries.

On the night of May 20, 1898, Aguinaldo sent General Luciano San Miguel to the revolutionary armies of Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas (Quezon), Bulacan, Morong (Rizal), Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and other parts of Southern Luzon to carry the order to raise arms against the Spaniards. Copies of the order also circulated in the province of Cavite.

Aguinaldo establishes dictatorial government

Picture
Calle Arsenal, 1897
General Aguinaldo took temporary residence at the headquarters of the Naval Commander in Cavite Arsenal. However, when the revolutionary troops began to arrive on May 21 and May 23, he left the Cavite Arsenal and transferred his military headquarters to the mansion of fellow Mason Maximo Inocencio, at Calle Arsenal, Cavite Puerto (now P. Gomez St. in Samonte Park, Cavite City). 

On May 24, 1898 at the same mansion, General Aguinaldo established a dictatorial, revolutionary government. According to his proclamation, the dictatorship was to last only “until the time when these islands, being under complete control, may form a constitutional republican assembly and appoint a president and cabinet, into whose hands I shall then resign the command of these islands.”

The Maximo Inocencio mansion was then made also his temporary residence and the Teatro Caviteño, adjacent to the walls of Porta Vaga his temporary military headquarters.

Arms shipment arrives

Picture
Hospital de San Juan de Dios, Cavite
General Aguinaldo later transferred his dictatorial government to the former Casa Gobierno Civil of the Spanish authorities, also in Cavite Puerto. On May 25, 1898, Teatro Caviteñwas established as the Cuartel Heneral or Military General Headquarters.  Aguinaldo also established the Hospital de San Juan de Dios for the Filipino revolutionaries.

It was while he was at the Casa Gobierno Civil when the arms shipment  consisting of 1,999 rifles, 200,000 rounds of ammunitions, and other special armaments of war arrived at the dock of the Cavite Arsenal. The armaments were immediately distributed to various provinces; reserving a portion for the Revolutionary Army of Cavite El Viejo (Kawit troops).

The battle of Alapan was an unexpected event. 

Picture
On the evening of May 27 in preparation for the general uprising scheduled for May 31, 1898, the Revolutionary Army of Kawit started distributing firearms and ammunition in Alapan, Imus, Cavite.

The following day, May 28, while still distributing firearms, the army saw Spanish Military columns composed of more than 270 Naval Infantry led by Captain Pedro Castila (Pedro Janolino).  The troops were sent by Spanish Brigadier General Leopoldo Garcia Peña for the purpose of seizing the reported consignment of arms.


Fierce fighting erupted at 10:00 o'clock in the morning and lasted until 3:00 in the afternoon. The Filipino troops emerged victorious and the Spaniards surrendered when they ran out of ammunition. Together with all the confiscated firearms, the Filipino revolutionaries brought the captured Spanish soldiers to Cavite Puerto.  They presented the prisoners to General Emilio Aguinaldo.

In acknowledgement of the first victory of the Filipino Revolutionary Army, General Aguinaldo brought out the Philippine flag and in the presence of his men and the crowd unfurled and hoisted it amidst the tremendous applause and loud, spontaneous and prolonged cheers for “Independent Philippines.” The event was witnessed by several officers and marines from the American Squadron.  


The arrival of the captured Spanish soldiers and the hoisting of the first Filipino flag in front of Teatro Caviteño   was also witnessed by Felipe Buencamino, an emissary of Governor Captain General Basilio Augustin.  He was at the tower of the Osorio mansion detained, by order of General Aguinaldo upon advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and Felipe Calderon.  Buencamino remained guarded by General Mascardo until June 6, 1898.

Again, the Philippine flag was hoisted on the day of the planned general uprising, May 31, 1898, when Filipino troops gained their second victory in Binakayan a barrio of Kawit, as they overran the Spanish Polvorin (powder-magazine) and garrison where 250 Spanish soldiers were captured.  T
he flag was also seen flying over the steeple of the church in Bacoor after a garrison of about 300 Spanish troops surrendered to the Filipino Revolutionary Army.

 

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Today in History - May 27, 1942 - Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich



Today in History

May 27, 1942

Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich

 

Today in History
May 27, 1942
Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich


The high-ranking German Nazi official was one of the main architects of the Holocaust. In retaliation, the Nazis murdered all male inhabitants over 15 years of age in the Czech village of Lidice and deported most of the remaining people to concentration camps.


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Today in History - May 27, 1906 - the United States colonial government established a Culion Leper Colony in Culion Island in Palawan

 


#OnThisDay May 27, 1906, 

the United States colonial government established a Culion Leper Colony in Culion Island in Palawan.

 


This, in order to rid leprosy from the Philippine Islands through the only method known at the time: isolating all existing cases and gradually phasing out the disease from the population. In addition to segregating the disease from the rest of the population, the island was later established in order to offer a better opportunity for people afflicted with leprosy to receive adequate care and treatments.

 

The first known origin of leprosy in the Philippines dates back to the time of the first Spanish Exploration of the Philippines. In the sixteenth century, Franciscan Friars established a shelter for the care of those afflicted with leprosy close to their monastery in Manila. The Hospital of San Lazaro in Manila (opened in c. 1577) was run by Franciscan Friars, became a hospital that catered from patients afflicted with leprosy (Saint Lazarus the Leper is the patron saint of the lepers) and other diseases. San Juan de Dios Hospital (established c. 1578), pioneered by the Franciscans also helped.

 

During the American colonization of the Philippines, the Manila Board of Health required the isolation of cases of leprosy from the rest of the public. After an investigation of a number of sites, the island of Culion was selected as a segregation colony in 1901. On October 27, 1902, the Second Philippine Commission appropriated an initial amount of $50,000 for the establishment of Culion under the Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester and Director of Health Victor G. Heiser.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, surveys estimated that approximately 3,500 to 4,000 people with leprosy, and new cases were developing each year. On May 27, 1906, the first contingent of 370 patients from Cebu was brought to Culion by two Coast Guard cutters, the Polilio and the Mindanao.

 

On September 12, 1907, under Governor General James Francis Smith, Act 1711 of the Philippine Commission was passed that gave full responsibility to the Director of Health, Victor G. Heiser, for the compulsory segregation of the lepers, and confinement and treatment in Culion. The segregation system initially received resistance from Filipinos afflicted with leprosy. In an attempt to popularize the island so that patients went to Culion willingly, Heiser sent agents to Filipino towns to disseminate information about Culion’s housing, the type of food the residents would eat, and the medical facilities available. Nevertheless, many of the islands’ inhabitants made great effort to evade Heiser’s segregation program.

The island was initially staffed by one physician, Dr. Charles F. de Mey, five French sisters of the Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres (SPC), a Jesuit priest and several other employees. The staff eventually grew to include a Chief Physician, twelve clinical physicians, one dental surgeon, one pharmacist, twenty-one graduate nurses, thirteen sisters of the Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres and 150 nursing aids.

 

As more resources became available, the colony began to put effort into expanding construction and building its own community. Since leprosy confined only patients in its most severe form to bed, patients were allowed to organize their own municipal government with its police force, civic courts and currency system, isolated from the rest of the Philippine islands. Under the direction of Heiser, the colony's municipal government was made up of a Chief Physician and representatives from each tribal group living on the island, composing of the Visayan, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Ilongo, Moro, English and Americans. Each representative, by popular vote, was elected every two years by a person of both sexes and of age between 18 and 60 years old. This system was established in 1908, making it the first instance of women’s suffrage in the Philippines.

 

Culion’s decline began with staff layoffs during the financial crisis of 1933. After 1935, only leprosy patients who preferred life at Culion as opposed to life at a leprosarium closer to their region were shipped to Culion. Due to advanced treatment methods and the influence of regional clinics, Culion lost its eminence as a model leprosarium and had its population reduced to 739 in 1978.

On June 22, 1988, Congress passed R.A. No. 6659 that authorized qualified residents of Culion Leper Colony to vote for the elective provincial officials of the Province of Palawan. In 1991, Speaker Ramon Mitra and House Representative David Ponce De Leon introduced a house bill for the creation of the Municipality of Culion. On February 12, 1992, President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act 7193 creating the Municipality of Culion in the Province of Palawan.

 

On October 29, 1998, through Department of Health Administrative Order No. 20-A Series of 1998, administrative control and authority over the Municipality of Culion was officially transferred from the Department of Health to the Municipality ending nearly one century of administrative control by the health department over Culion Island. On March 12, 2001, Republic Act 9032 signed by President Gloria Macapacal Arroyo expanded the area of jurisdiction of the Municipality of Culion, Province of Palawan, amending for the purpose Republic Act 7193.

 

In May 2017, the Philippine National Commission for UNESCO began its initiative to prepare the records of Culion’s leprosy documentary heritage, which will be nominated in the future in the Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific. In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives was officially nominated by the Philippines in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific.

 

 

Sources and References:

1. “Culion Leprosy Archives (2018) – Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific”; Annual report of the Philippine Commission, 1907

2. Dr. Heiser, V., An American Doctor’s Odyssey. W. W. Norton & Company, 1936

3. Burkholder, S., & Hart, I. (2008, November 21). History of the San Lazaro Hospital

4. Wheeler, M. M. (1913). “The Culion leper colony.” The American Journal of Nursing. 13(9), 633–669

5. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

6. Wikimedia Commons

 

 

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Today in History - May 26, 1859 - Felipe Agoncillo was born

#onThisDay May 26, 1859

 Felipe Agoncillo was born

 


 

On May 26, 1859, Felipe Agoncillo, considered as the first Filipino diplomat assigned by the Revolutionary Government to campaign for recognition of Philippine independence by foreign countries, was born in Taal, Batangas.

Agoncillo, a brilliant lawyer who got perfect score in the Bar examination, was assigned by General Emilio Aguinaldo to lobby with foreign entities that the Filipinos were well civilized people and capable of maintaining a stable government.

Late in 1898, Agoncillo went to the United States and filed petition after petition urging recognition of Philippine independence, but US President William McKinley refused to heed his appeal.

After being ignored by the US president, Agoncillo proceeded to Paris, France to present the Philippine cause at the peace conference convened between Spain and the US, where a meeting was to be held to discuss Cuba and the Philippines. Agoncillo tried to submit a memorandum but again failed. The people behind the meeting did not want to have any official dealings with him. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was successfully signed.

Two days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Agoncillo returned to the United States and endeavored to block ratification of the treaty by the US. Although this was signed by the commissioners, it was not yet approved by the Senate of the United States. He filed a State memorandum to express that Filipinos must be recognized by the United States.

In 1907, he was elected to represent Batangas province, among others, to the Philippine Assembly.

He was appointed as Secretary of Interior in 1923 during the administration of Governor General Leonard Wood and fought for the Filipinization of the government service.

He died on September 29, 1941 at the age of 82

Reference: Philippine News Agency archives
Photo: https://xiaochua.net 

 

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Today in History - May 26, 1609 : Chinese and Japanese for public works was prioritized but thwarted by Augustinian Recollects


 #OnThisDay - May 26, 1609

Chinese and Japanese for public works was prioritized but thwarted by Augustinian Recollects

 

 

 

#OnThisDay May 26, 1609, during the early period of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, a law was passed that regulates the services of the Filipino natives by prioritizing the hiring of Chinese and Japanese for public works; and the Filipino natives should be expected to work voluntarily.

The Augustinian Recollects attempted to thwart this order by later asking the king (via letter dated June 30, 1610) that they be released from such restrictions, and claiming that such law would ruin their work in the archipelago. Later on, the king of Spain granted the request of the Recollects.

Philippine relations with the Chinese and Japanese, which began during pre-Magellanic times, continued throughout the Spanish period. At the beginning of their rule, the Spanish authorities cultivated the goodwill and friendship of both Chinese and Japanese in order to retain their valuable economic services and to preserve Manila’s lucrative trade with China and Japan. However, distrust and suspicion marred the Spanish policy. At various times, the Philippines was rocked by Chinese and Japanese uprisings, which were suppressed at the heavy cost of many human lives and much property damage.

During the Spanish times, the Chinese were called Sangleys. The term was derived from xiang and ley; the two words combined means “traveling merchant.” The early Spaniards asked the Chinese traders in Manila who they were, and the latter replied: “Xiangley.” The Spaniards, not knowing the Chinese language, thought that the term applied to Chinese nationality; hence, they applied the name Sangley to all Chinese.

The economic life of the Philippines during the Spanish times also depended on Chinese labor and industry. The Chinese residents were merchants, agriculturist, masons, bankers, painter, shoemakers, metalworkers, and laborers.

Notwithstanding their valuable economic services, the Chinese were not given fair treatment by the Spanish authorities. The increasing number of Chinese immigrants was viewed with suspicion and fear, for a large Chinese community was regarded as a peril to Spanish rule. To discourage Chinese immigration, the Spanish authorities taxed them heavily – 64 reales for permission to stay, 5 reales for tribute, and 12 reales for owning a house.

The Parian (also Parian de Arroceros was an area adjacent to Intramuros) was the Chinatown in Manila during the Spanish times. It played a significant role in the history of the Philippines. Originally, the Parian was situated on the south bank of the Pasig River near the Santo Domingo Church. Upon this site, the first Parian was erected by Governor General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in 1581.

Chinese immigrants continued to enter the Philippines, their population thus increased year in and year out. From around 150 Chinese in 1571, the number of Chinese residents swelled to 10,000 in 1588, 30,000 in 1603, 40,000 in 1748, 67,000 in 1886, and 100,000 in 1896.

The first known contact between the Japanese and the Spaniards was in 1570 when Spanish Marshal Martín de Goiti, after capturing Raha Sulayman’s Islamic kingdom of Maynilad, found twenty Japanese residents. One of them was named Pablo, a Christian. Evidently, he had been converted to Christianity in Japan by the Jesuit missionaries before he came to live in Manila. Two years later (1572), Captain Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from Manila to the Ilocos, encountered three Japanese piratical junks off the coast of Pangasinan and drove them away after a spirited fight.

In the early years of Spanish rule, trade with Japan, which began during pre-Magellanic times, was encouraged by the government. Annually in March, Japanese vessels from Nagasaki anchored at Manila Bay, bringing salted meats, utensils, weapons, writing cases, and other Japanese products. They returned home in June, laden with raw Chinese silk, gold, deerskin, wax, earthen jars, and other Philippine exports. In succeeding years, more Japanese ships came to Manila for purposes of trade.

Japanese settlers in the Philippines were fewer than the Chinese. They were better treated by Spanish authorities and no discriminatory laws were made against them, unlike in the case of the Chinese. This was due to the fact that the Japanese were a valiant and fighting people, hence the Spaniards feared and respected them.

Most of the Japanese immigrants who settled in the Philippines were Christians. They were expelled from their own country because of their Christian faith. In 1619, the Japanese population had reached around 2,000, and in 1621, this number increased to 3,000. The closing of Japan to the world by Shogun Iyemitsu in 1639 stopped Japanese immigration to the Philippines. Thus, the Japanese population in the Philippines dwindled.

In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry, leading a squadron of American warships, reopened Japan to the world. Consequently, Philippine-Japanese relations were revived. In 1875, a Japanese economic mission visited Manila to promote Philippine-Japanese trade. The Japanese consulate was established in Manila in 1889. Filipino patriots who were persecuted by the Spanish authorities fled to Japan, where they were welcomed.

 

 

Sources and References:

1. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume

XVII, 1609-1616, by Various, Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson

2. Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide, History of the Republic of the Philippines, Metro Manila, 1983, 1987, pp. 97, 99, 102, 106

 

 

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Josefa Llanes Escoda - A Filipina Patriot

Josefa Llanes Escoda

A Filipina Patriot

 

You may have seen her face on your 1,000-peso bill. Perhaps her name always pops into your mind every time you hear “Girl Scout of the Philippines.” Whatever the case, the story of Pepa, as she was fondly called, is way more amazing than we give it credit for.
For one, Pepa has a very impressive resume. She earned her master’s degree in social work (on scholarship!) from Columbia University. It was also in the US where she trained in girl scouting. You know what happened next: She returned to the Philippines, trained young girls, and organized the GSP as its first National Executive.
 
During World War II, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines. By 1944, news of the underground activities of Josefa Llanes Escoda and her husband Antonio reached far and wide. As the Japanese Army pushed deeper in the country, The couple had intensified their activities of supplying medicine, food, clothes and messages to both Filipino war prisoners and American internees in concentration camps.
Lt. José L. Llanes, Commander of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, said he saw Josefa Llanes Escoda on 14 January 1944 in the presence of her husband, Antonio Escoda. Josefa Llanes Escoda left this final message to Lt. José L. Llanes:
"I have done my duty to my country and God! To my mind the most I have done is having helped with the little I could do to save the lives of the surrendered soldiers of Bataan and Corregidor. I have offered myself as a guarantor for men later released by the enemy, that they commit no anti-Japanese act, men who, if they had the guts left would continue their resistance. I have acted as guarantors not only for the sake of humanity, but also to encourage them to fight again. If you happen to survive, and I fail, tell our people that the women of the Philippines did their part also in making the ember sparks of truth and liberty alive till the last moment."
 
Antonio was first arrested in June 1944, and Josefa Llanes Escoda was also arrested two months later on 27 August. She was imprisoned in Fort Santiago, the same prison as her husband, who was executed in 1944 along with General Vicente Lim, who was imprisoned with him. On 6 January 1945, Josefa Llanes Escoda was then taken and held in one of the buildings of Far Eastern University occupied by the Japanese. She was last seen alive on January 6, 1945, severely beaten and weak, and was transferred into a Japanese transport truck. It is presumed that she was executed and buried in an unmarked grave, either in the La Loma Cemetery or Manila Chinese Cemetery, which Japanese forces used as execution and burial grounds for thousands of Filipinos who resisted the Japanese occupation.
The Japanese learned about their heroic efforts and soon arrested Pepa and her husband, Antonio Escoda. Many believe that both were executed, although Pepa’s death remains a mystery.
One posthumous award after another was given to honor Pepa’s contributions, the most prestigious of which was the Philippine Legion of Honor Medal from the AFP and the Silver medal from the American Red Cross.
 

 

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