Today in History - May 27, 1942 - Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich



Today in History

May 27, 1942

Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich

 

Today in History
May 27, 1942
Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich


The high-ranking German Nazi official was one of the main architects of the Holocaust. In retaliation, the Nazis murdered all male inhabitants over 15 years of age in the Czech village of Lidice and deported most of the remaining people to concentration camps.


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Today in History - May 27, 1906 - the United States colonial government established a Culion Leper Colony in Culion Island in Palawan

 


#OnThisDay May 27, 1906, 

the United States colonial government established a Culion Leper Colony in Culion Island in Palawan.

 


This, in order to rid leprosy from the Philippine Islands through the only method known at the time: isolating all existing cases and gradually phasing out the disease from the population. In addition to segregating the disease from the rest of the population, the island was later established in order to offer a better opportunity for people afflicted with leprosy to receive adequate care and treatments.

 

The first known origin of leprosy in the Philippines dates back to the time of the first Spanish Exploration of the Philippines. In the sixteenth century, Franciscan Friars established a shelter for the care of those afflicted with leprosy close to their monastery in Manila. The Hospital of San Lazaro in Manila (opened in c. 1577) was run by Franciscan Friars, became a hospital that catered from patients afflicted with leprosy (Saint Lazarus the Leper is the patron saint of the lepers) and other diseases. San Juan de Dios Hospital (established c. 1578), pioneered by the Franciscans also helped.

 

During the American colonization of the Philippines, the Manila Board of Health required the isolation of cases of leprosy from the rest of the public. After an investigation of a number of sites, the island of Culion was selected as a segregation colony in 1901. On October 27, 1902, the Second Philippine Commission appropriated an initial amount of $50,000 for the establishment of Culion under the Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester and Director of Health Victor G. Heiser.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, surveys estimated that approximately 3,500 to 4,000 people with leprosy, and new cases were developing each year. On May 27, 1906, the first contingent of 370 patients from Cebu was brought to Culion by two Coast Guard cutters, the Polilio and the Mindanao.

 

On September 12, 1907, under Governor General James Francis Smith, Act 1711 of the Philippine Commission was passed that gave full responsibility to the Director of Health, Victor G. Heiser, for the compulsory segregation of the lepers, and confinement and treatment in Culion. The segregation system initially received resistance from Filipinos afflicted with leprosy. In an attempt to popularize the island so that patients went to Culion willingly, Heiser sent agents to Filipino towns to disseminate information about Culion’s housing, the type of food the residents would eat, and the medical facilities available. Nevertheless, many of the islands’ inhabitants made great effort to evade Heiser’s segregation program.

The island was initially staffed by one physician, Dr. Charles F. de Mey, five French sisters of the Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres (SPC), a Jesuit priest and several other employees. The staff eventually grew to include a Chief Physician, twelve clinical physicians, one dental surgeon, one pharmacist, twenty-one graduate nurses, thirteen sisters of the Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres and 150 nursing aids.

 

As more resources became available, the colony began to put effort into expanding construction and building its own community. Since leprosy confined only patients in its most severe form to bed, patients were allowed to organize their own municipal government with its police force, civic courts and currency system, isolated from the rest of the Philippine islands. Under the direction of Heiser, the colony's municipal government was made up of a Chief Physician and representatives from each tribal group living on the island, composing of the Visayan, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Ilongo, Moro, English and Americans. Each representative, by popular vote, was elected every two years by a person of both sexes and of age between 18 and 60 years old. This system was established in 1908, making it the first instance of women’s suffrage in the Philippines.

 

Culion’s decline began with staff layoffs during the financial crisis of 1933. After 1935, only leprosy patients who preferred life at Culion as opposed to life at a leprosarium closer to their region were shipped to Culion. Due to advanced treatment methods and the influence of regional clinics, Culion lost its eminence as a model leprosarium and had its population reduced to 739 in 1978.

On June 22, 1988, Congress passed R.A. No. 6659 that authorized qualified residents of Culion Leper Colony to vote for the elective provincial officials of the Province of Palawan. In 1991, Speaker Ramon Mitra and House Representative David Ponce De Leon introduced a house bill for the creation of the Municipality of Culion. On February 12, 1992, President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act 7193 creating the Municipality of Culion in the Province of Palawan.

 

On October 29, 1998, through Department of Health Administrative Order No. 20-A Series of 1998, administrative control and authority over the Municipality of Culion was officially transferred from the Department of Health to the Municipality ending nearly one century of administrative control by the health department over Culion Island. On March 12, 2001, Republic Act 9032 signed by President Gloria Macapacal Arroyo expanded the area of jurisdiction of the Municipality of Culion, Province of Palawan, amending for the purpose Republic Act 7193.

 

In May 2017, the Philippine National Commission for UNESCO began its initiative to prepare the records of Culion’s leprosy documentary heritage, which will be nominated in the future in the Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific. In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives was officially nominated by the Philippines in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register – Asia and the Pacific.

 

 

Sources and References:

1. “Culion Leprosy Archives (2018) – Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific”; Annual report of the Philippine Commission, 1907

2. Dr. Heiser, V., An American Doctor’s Odyssey. W. W. Norton & Company, 1936

3. Burkholder, S., & Hart, I. (2008, November 21). History of the San Lazaro Hospital

4. Wheeler, M. M. (1913). “The Culion leper colony.” The American Journal of Nursing. 13(9), 633–669

5. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

6. Wikimedia Commons

 

 

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Today in History - May 26, 1859 - Felipe Agoncillo was born

#onThisDay May 26, 1859

 Felipe Agoncillo was born

 


 

On May 26, 1859, Felipe Agoncillo, considered as the first Filipino diplomat assigned by the Revolutionary Government to campaign for recognition of Philippine independence by foreign countries, was born in Taal, Batangas.

Agoncillo, a brilliant lawyer who got perfect score in the Bar examination, was assigned by General Emilio Aguinaldo to lobby with foreign entities that the Filipinos were well civilized people and capable of maintaining a stable government.

Late in 1898, Agoncillo went to the United States and filed petition after petition urging recognition of Philippine independence, but US President William McKinley refused to heed his appeal.

After being ignored by the US president, Agoncillo proceeded to Paris, France to present the Philippine cause at the peace conference convened between Spain and the US, where a meeting was to be held to discuss Cuba and the Philippines. Agoncillo tried to submit a memorandum but again failed. The people behind the meeting did not want to have any official dealings with him. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was successfully signed.

Two days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Agoncillo returned to the United States and endeavored to block ratification of the treaty by the US. Although this was signed by the commissioners, it was not yet approved by the Senate of the United States. He filed a State memorandum to express that Filipinos must be recognized by the United States.

In 1907, he was elected to represent Batangas province, among others, to the Philippine Assembly.

He was appointed as Secretary of Interior in 1923 during the administration of Governor General Leonard Wood and fought for the Filipinization of the government service.

He died on September 29, 1941 at the age of 82

Reference: Philippine News Agency archives
Photo: https://xiaochua.net 

 

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Today in History - May 26, 1609 : Chinese and Japanese for public works was prioritized but thwarted by Augustinian Recollects


 #OnThisDay - May 26, 1609

Chinese and Japanese for public works was prioritized but thwarted by Augustinian Recollects

 

 

 

#OnThisDay May 26, 1609, during the early period of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, a law was passed that regulates the services of the Filipino natives by prioritizing the hiring of Chinese and Japanese for public works; and the Filipino natives should be expected to work voluntarily.

The Augustinian Recollects attempted to thwart this order by later asking the king (via letter dated June 30, 1610) that they be released from such restrictions, and claiming that such law would ruin their work in the archipelago. Later on, the king of Spain granted the request of the Recollects.

Philippine relations with the Chinese and Japanese, which began during pre-Magellanic times, continued throughout the Spanish period. At the beginning of their rule, the Spanish authorities cultivated the goodwill and friendship of both Chinese and Japanese in order to retain their valuable economic services and to preserve Manila’s lucrative trade with China and Japan. However, distrust and suspicion marred the Spanish policy. At various times, the Philippines was rocked by Chinese and Japanese uprisings, which were suppressed at the heavy cost of many human lives and much property damage.

During the Spanish times, the Chinese were called Sangleys. The term was derived from xiang and ley; the two words combined means “traveling merchant.” The early Spaniards asked the Chinese traders in Manila who they were, and the latter replied: “Xiangley.” The Spaniards, not knowing the Chinese language, thought that the term applied to Chinese nationality; hence, they applied the name Sangley to all Chinese.

The economic life of the Philippines during the Spanish times also depended on Chinese labor and industry. The Chinese residents were merchants, agriculturist, masons, bankers, painter, shoemakers, metalworkers, and laborers.

Notwithstanding their valuable economic services, the Chinese were not given fair treatment by the Spanish authorities. The increasing number of Chinese immigrants was viewed with suspicion and fear, for a large Chinese community was regarded as a peril to Spanish rule. To discourage Chinese immigration, the Spanish authorities taxed them heavily – 64 reales for permission to stay, 5 reales for tribute, and 12 reales for owning a house.

The Parian (also Parian de Arroceros was an area adjacent to Intramuros) was the Chinatown in Manila during the Spanish times. It played a significant role in the history of the Philippines. Originally, the Parian was situated on the south bank of the Pasig River near the Santo Domingo Church. Upon this site, the first Parian was erected by Governor General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in 1581.

Chinese immigrants continued to enter the Philippines, their population thus increased year in and year out. From around 150 Chinese in 1571, the number of Chinese residents swelled to 10,000 in 1588, 30,000 in 1603, 40,000 in 1748, 67,000 in 1886, and 100,000 in 1896.

The first known contact between the Japanese and the Spaniards was in 1570 when Spanish Marshal Martín de Goiti, after capturing Raha Sulayman’s Islamic kingdom of Maynilad, found twenty Japanese residents. One of them was named Pablo, a Christian. Evidently, he had been converted to Christianity in Japan by the Jesuit missionaries before he came to live in Manila. Two years later (1572), Captain Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from Manila to the Ilocos, encountered three Japanese piratical junks off the coast of Pangasinan and drove them away after a spirited fight.

In the early years of Spanish rule, trade with Japan, which began during pre-Magellanic times, was encouraged by the government. Annually in March, Japanese vessels from Nagasaki anchored at Manila Bay, bringing salted meats, utensils, weapons, writing cases, and other Japanese products. They returned home in June, laden with raw Chinese silk, gold, deerskin, wax, earthen jars, and other Philippine exports. In succeeding years, more Japanese ships came to Manila for purposes of trade.

Japanese settlers in the Philippines were fewer than the Chinese. They were better treated by Spanish authorities and no discriminatory laws were made against them, unlike in the case of the Chinese. This was due to the fact that the Japanese were a valiant and fighting people, hence the Spaniards feared and respected them.

Most of the Japanese immigrants who settled in the Philippines were Christians. They were expelled from their own country because of their Christian faith. In 1619, the Japanese population had reached around 2,000, and in 1621, this number increased to 3,000. The closing of Japan to the world by Shogun Iyemitsu in 1639 stopped Japanese immigration to the Philippines. Thus, the Japanese population in the Philippines dwindled.

In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry, leading a squadron of American warships, reopened Japan to the world. Consequently, Philippine-Japanese relations were revived. In 1875, a Japanese economic mission visited Manila to promote Philippine-Japanese trade. The Japanese consulate was established in Manila in 1889. Filipino patriots who were persecuted by the Spanish authorities fled to Japan, where they were welcomed.

 

 

Sources and References:

1. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898: Volume

XVII, 1609-1616, by Various, Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson

2. Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide, History of the Republic of the Philippines, Metro Manila, 1983, 1987, pp. 97, 99, 102, 106

 

 

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Josefa Llanes Escoda - A Filipina Patriot

Josefa Llanes Escoda

A Filipina Patriot

 

You may have seen her face on your 1,000-peso bill. Perhaps her name always pops into your mind every time you hear “Girl Scout of the Philippines.” Whatever the case, the story of Pepa, as she was fondly called, is way more amazing than we give it credit for.
For one, Pepa has a very impressive resume. She earned her master’s degree in social work (on scholarship!) from Columbia University. It was also in the US where she trained in girl scouting. You know what happened next: She returned to the Philippines, trained young girls, and organized the GSP as its first National Executive.
 
During World War II, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines. By 1944, news of the underground activities of Josefa Llanes Escoda and her husband Antonio reached far and wide. As the Japanese Army pushed deeper in the country, The couple had intensified their activities of supplying medicine, food, clothes and messages to both Filipino war prisoners and American internees in concentration camps.
Lt. José L. Llanes, Commander of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, said he saw Josefa Llanes Escoda on 14 January 1944 in the presence of her husband, Antonio Escoda. Josefa Llanes Escoda left this final message to Lt. José L. Llanes:
"I have done my duty to my country and God! To my mind the most I have done is having helped with the little I could do to save the lives of the surrendered soldiers of Bataan and Corregidor. I have offered myself as a guarantor for men later released by the enemy, that they commit no anti-Japanese act, men who, if they had the guts left would continue their resistance. I have acted as guarantors not only for the sake of humanity, but also to encourage them to fight again. If you happen to survive, and I fail, tell our people that the women of the Philippines did their part also in making the ember sparks of truth and liberty alive till the last moment."
 
Antonio was first arrested in June 1944, and Josefa Llanes Escoda was also arrested two months later on 27 August. She was imprisoned in Fort Santiago, the same prison as her husband, who was executed in 1944 along with General Vicente Lim, who was imprisoned with him. On 6 January 1945, Josefa Llanes Escoda was then taken and held in one of the buildings of Far Eastern University occupied by the Japanese. She was last seen alive on January 6, 1945, severely beaten and weak, and was transferred into a Japanese transport truck. It is presumed that she was executed and buried in an unmarked grave, either in the La Loma Cemetery or Manila Chinese Cemetery, which Japanese forces used as execution and burial grounds for thousands of Filipinos who resisted the Japanese occupation.
The Japanese learned about their heroic efforts and soon arrested Pepa and her husband, Antonio Escoda. Many believe that both were executed, although Pepa’s death remains a mystery.
One posthumous award after another was given to honor Pepa’s contributions, the most prestigious of which was the Philippine Legion of Honor Medal from the AFP and the Silver medal from the American Red Cross.
 

 

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The Walking Dwarves - stopmotion of LOTR dwarves with only few frames

The Walking Dwarves 

- stopmotion of LOTR dwarves with only few frames

 
 
Durin's Folk (also called the Longbeards) were a clan of Dwarves that originally inhabited Khazad-dûm, led by Durin I, "The Deathless". He was succeeded by many generations of kings, among them appeared six others also called Durin. (The Dwarves believed that these six were the reincarnation of Durin I, with memories of their past lives.)

History

Durin's Folk settled Khazad-dûm in the Years of the Trees, prospering there throughout the First Age. After the end of the War of Wrath and the ruin of Nogrod and Belegost, many of the Dwarves of those cities migrated to Khazad-dûm, swelling its population and intermingling with Durin's Folk.

In the Second Age, Durin's Folk began a friendship with the Ñoldor of Celebrimbor in Eregion. During the War of the Elves and Sauron the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm sortied out to attack Sauron's forces in the rear, allowing Elrond and his army to escape. Afterwards Durin's Folk earned the hatred of Sauron and Orcs were commanded to harass Dwarves wherever they could find them. As a result the Gates of Khazad-dûm were shut and the Orcs could not gain entry, the Dwarves within being too numerous and valiant to overcome. At the end of the age the Dwarves of Durin's Folk participated in the War of the Last Alliance, fighting on the side of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men.

In the middle of the Third Age, they were expelled from Khazad-dûm by the Balrog known as Durin's Bane. In TA 1980, their king Durin VI was killed by the creature, which the following year also killed his son, Náin I. Thráin I, Náin's son fled along with his people to the Lonely Mountain, where he founded the Kingdom under the Mountain.

During the reign of Thorin I son of Thráin, rumors were heard of greater wealth in the Grey Mountains. Thorin decided to leave Erebor and take his people to the north, where they lived in peace until the reign of his grandson Náin II, when they began to be attacked by dragons. During the reign of Dáin I, a Cold-drake invaded his halls and killed him along with his second son, Frór. Thrór, eldest son of Dáin I, and now King of Durin's Folk, returned along with his uncle Borin and part of his people to the Lonely Mountain. His younger brother Grór left for the east where he founded a lordship in the Iron Hills. Thrór ruled during long years of peace until a Fire-drake, Smaug, the last of the great dragons, descended from the north and sacked and took the Lonely Mountain. Durin's Folk became a nomadic people in exile. Many of them went to the Iron Hills and settled there. Thrór went insane, and tried to re-claim Khazad-dûm by himself, leading to his death at the hand of Azog.

This started the War of the Dwarves and Orcs, which ended at the Battle of Azanulbizar, where Azog was killed by Dáin Ironfoot, grandson of Grór. After the battle, many of the Dwarves under the rule of Thráin II went to the west to the Blue Mountains and settled there. After 60 years Thráin's son, Thorin II Oakenshield, was convinced by the wizard Gandalf to lead a company of 13 Dwarves and one Hobbit on a quest to recover the Lonely Mountain. The quest lead to the death of Smaug at the hand of Bard the Bowman, and the great Battle of Five Armies against armies of Orcs, in which Thorin and his nephews Fíli and Kíli were killed. But Thorin's sacrifice led to the Kingdom of the Lonely Mountain being restored under the rule of his cousin Dáin II, Lord of the Iron Hills, who became King under the Mountain in TA 2941. He died in the Battle of Dale in the War of the Ring, fighting hordes of Easterlings in Dale. His people were then besieged. After Sauron was defeated, Dáin's son Thorin III Stonehelm and Bard II, the new King of Dale, defeated the Easterlings.

Durin VII, the last to be named "Durin", later retook Khazad-dûm and became known as "Durin the Last". 

 

 

 

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#OnThisDay May 24, 1570 : The Battle of Manila

#OnthisDay May 24, 1570

Pre Colonial Period: The Battle of Manil



 

 

 


On May 24, 1570, the Battle of Manila began.

 

The Spanish led by Master-of-camp Martin de Goiti, accompanied by allied warriors from the Visayas who they called "pintados" (painted), charted the waters of Mindoro and Batangas before finally reaching what is now Manila Bay, which coast Goiti saw was ruled by at least two leaders, Lakandula (Lacandola) of Tondo and Rajah Sulayman (Soliman) of Manila. Eventually, Goiti was informed that at least 40 towns were situated by the shore alone.

Initially, the Spanish sought to discuss peace with who they perceived as "Moros" (Moor), and conducted a sanduguan (blood compact) with them. The pintados served as interpreters. The Spanish did not demand tribute at this time, but both sides apparently doubted each other's motives right from the start.

Some of the Chinese came to the side of the Spanish with gifts and asked for their protection. A number of Japanese were also found in Manila. One of them claimed to be a Christian, but was labelled by his companions as one of the Moro artillerymen. Nonetheless, their concern seemed to be uniform - they all professed that Sulayman was a menace, complaining that the ruler of Manila took away their merchandise without proper payment. Lakandula, meanwhile, had another way of dealing with Chinese merchants - buying their wares and then selling them inland for a profit.

Some of the Moros from the other neighboring towns also conferred with Goiti and raised their dissatisfaction with Sulayman, who supposedly raided them. Whether or not these grievances were proven, the possibility of Sulayman's enemies taking advantage of the Spanish arrival as leverage may not be discounted. After all, Sulayman was vocal against the abuses of the Spanish, which might have reached Goiti's attention as well.

On the other side of the negotiating table, Rajah Sulayman and Lakandula had been assembling massive forces. One account even claimed that by the time of the battle, there were a hundred Moro troops for every one Spaniard. Besides this land force, the local navy was also immense, numbering more than 500 ships. Despite Lakandula's friendly facade when they met with the Spanish, he was eager to strike first and asked for Sulayman's aid. The latter, however, was said to have chosen to wait for the fall of rain, which he believed would have nullified the firearms of the Spanish.

Meanwhile, a reconnaissance mission gone wrong persuaded Goiti to fire a cannon to recall his troops from the coast. Perhaps seeing this as a signal for attack, the Moros jumped into action and fired their own guns without waiting for Sulayman's hope for rain. Estimated to have at least 13 pieces of artillery, the Spanish immediately seized the enemy guns before burning Manila. The Moros did not take any chances as they retreated inland. Some 100 deaths were reported by the Spanish in the aftermath, with 80 more taken as prisoners.

The awaited rain came after the battle, pouring over the town engulfed in flames.

Witnesses who claim to have seen Sulayman's former residence estimate that its furniture alone cost over 5,000 ducats, an amount greater than the loan provided in William Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice. They also claim that there were more cannons inside, some still being crafted, but were eventually melted by the ravaging fire.

Goiti waited for two days to reestablish communications with the locals, perhaps to seek further exploration of the Tagalog areas upstream, but upon being advised by their Visayas allies to set sail to avoid being caught by the habagat (southwest monsoon), the Spanish eventually left with the Chinese traders who offered their friendship. Promising to return at about the same time next year, the Chinese sought to trade with the Spanish.

Although the Spanish may want to claim victory in Manila, much of Sulayman's and Lakandula's forces were preserved. They were able to retain their hold in their realms, at least until the return of the Spanish the following year, 1571.

 

 

 

 

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