On May 31, 1764, the Spanish troops led by Simon de Anda y Salazar
re-entered Manila,
took back possession of the city in line with the
terms of the peace treaty at Paris, ending the British occupation of
Manila.
The peace treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, and the consequential return of the Philippines to Spain, was signed on February 10, 1763 by Britain, France, and Spain after having agreed on a preliminary treaty signed earlier by the same on November 3, 1762.
The president and auditors of the audiencia was taken prisoners a day after the British assault on Manila. The archbishop, Manuel Antonio Rojo del Rio, who was acting governor and captain general at the time of the British invasion was also captured. Anda, a judge in the audiencia, escaped captivity, assumed the position of governor and captain general and established resistance from the provinces.
The first news of the suspension of hostilities was brought to Manila by a ship from Madras (India) on July 23, 1763, and was sent forthwith to Anda by the archbishop. The preliminaries of peace, signed by both sides, were brought from the same port on August 26, 1763. Although Anda was also informed of this immediately, he has paid no attention to it, and has steadfastly dared to violate the orders of his sovereign.
On September 19, 1763, the British published an edict declaring Anda responsible for any further bloodshed because of his disregard of the news of the suspension of hostilities. Hence, if Anda does not acquiesce in the suspension, he or any of his adherents, will be attacked, wherever met, with arms; and at the first opportunity, information regarding his obstinacy and arrogancy will be sent to Spain.
Anda countered by issuing an edict on January 24, 1764, stating that when the British give truthful declaration that they will abide exactly by articles 21 and 22 of the peace preliminaries that have been signed between the English and Spanish, and which relate to the evacuation of the places occupied by the former, then hostilities will cease, and the British will be given all necessary help in their transportation. But until such time, the war will continue.
In a separate note addressed to the British military and civil chiefs of Manila, January 28, 1764, Anda cites two clauses of the treaty of February 10, 1763. Article 22 provides:
"That all the countries and territories that might have been gained by conquest in any part of the world, either by the arms of his Britannic and most faithful Majesty, or by those of his most Christian and Catholic Majesty, which are not comprehended in the present articles, article of cession, or article of restitution, shall be returned without raising any difficulty, and without asking compensation."
Article 22 provided that restitution and evacuation of places that might have been captured in the East Indies were to be made within six months. That time, declares Anda, was in August 1763, yet the British still hold Manila and Cavite, and if they do not leave in the next month, they must remain until the monsoon of 1765. He earnestly asks that the terms of the treaty be observed, and all hostilities suspended. In such case, the British will be furnished with food and all necessary supplies at a just price; otherwise hostilities will continue.
A note from the British officials to Anda on March 9, 1764, informs him of the arrival of an English vessel from Fort St. George (India) with the definitive treaty, of which a copy will be sent him as soon as possible.
A note from Anda of the same date, states that he was about to send his agents to Manila, but was holding them until receiving the copy of the treaty above mentioned. These agents will have power to treat on all matters. Anda would go himself, but necessary business renders it impossible.
On March 10, Anda writes again to the effect that he will facilitate the furnishing of supplies to the British as far as possible. He will appoint persons to arrange details of the delivery of Manila and Cavite, though the delivery itself is to be made to the troops in military style. Another note from Anda on the same date, announces that he has appointed the treasurer, Nicolas Echauz, Sargento-mayor Francisco Salgado, and the infantry captains, Mariano Tobias and Raymundo Español, to formally receive the effects of Manila and Cavite and other matters that may arise.
In the night of May 31, when the Spaniards took back Manila, a banquet was given to the British commanders. This was reciprocated on June 4 when Captain William Brereton tendered a banquet to Anda and other officials on his ship.
The British vessels left the Manila bay for India on June 10 and 11, 1764.
Fernando Amorsolo, Filipino painter was born (d. 1972)
Fernando Amorsolo was born on May 30, 1892 in Calle Herran in Paco, Manila to Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.
Although born in the nation’s capital, Amorsolo would spend most of his childhood in the small town setting of Daet in Camarines Norte where his love for the simple rural life would become the foundation for his artistic output for which he is most well-known.
The Early Years
Amorsolo’s earliest memories would bring him back to a quiet life in the countryside. When he was only seven months old, his father moved the family to Daet to work as a bookkeeper for two abaca firms. Pedro was able to earn a modest income, enough to keep his family comfortable.
Fernando showed early signs of his artistic talent. He would go out to the coast to draw pictures of the ships by the wharves. It was his mother who recognized the young Amorsolo’s talent. She would send her son’s drawings to her cousin Fabian dela Rosa, a prominent painter in Manila. At this early age, Amorsolo displayed an affinity for the rural landscape --- a reflection of his own small world.
Tragedy struck early in Amorsolo’s life. One night, when Fernando was still very young, his father was awakened by shouts coming from outside his window. It was the head of the revolutionary movement fighting against the Spaniards demanding that Amorsolo’s half brother, the eldest son Perico, join the group. Against his father’s wishes, Perico relented and went down to join the rebels. The family never saw him again. After the failure of the 1896 uprising, neighbors told the family that they saw Perico, bound with a bamboo pole strapped to his back, being taken to jail. He was later executed by the Spaniards. Shattered with grief by the death of his son, Amorsolo’s father Pedro never recovered from the ordeal and died of a heart attack a few years later.
Amorsolo’s penchant for depicting an idealized world is viewed by his critics as the work of someone who has never experienced pain in his life. It is apparent that the artist’s preference was not due to a lack of exposure to the ills of society but to a conscious effort to hang on to what is pure and good before the harsh realities of the world shattered his peaceful life in the countryside.
His father died when Amorsolo was eleven years old. Before he passed away, Pedro made his wife promise to give Fernando a proper art education. The widowed Bonifacia gathered her family and returned to Manila in hopes of finding better prospects to provide for her family. Her cousin Don Fabian dela Rosa opened his doors to the family. It was here that Amorsolo had his first real exposure to the art world.
To make ends meet, Bonifacia did embroidery to feed her family. Fernando made himself useful by assisting Don Fabian in his studio. It was during this time that Amorsolo received his first art instruction from Don Fabian. The family’s limited financial means made it difficult for the artist to receive consistent formal art instruction. He earned money the only way he knew how. Amorsolo drew sketches and sold them for 15 centavos a piece to help his family and to pay for his schooling. Despite the family’s financial difficulties, in 1914, he finally earned his degree, with honors, as a member of the first graduating class of the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts.
Amorsolo lived during a turbulent time in the Philippines. He came of age during a transition period in Philippine history. The former Spanish colony became a territory of the United States of America. As American influence slowly crept into Filipino culture in the bigger cities, the artist yearned for the life he knew during his early childhood days in Daet. This clearly manifested itself in his artistic output where he clearly showed a partiality towards the rural setting where American culture was slow to trickle down. His paintings would embody an affinity for the traditions and lifestyle he knew during the Spanish era. His canvases were filled with scenes of fiestas, old churches and rituals that were the legacy of the Philippines’ former colonial masters.
Striking
Out on his Own
Success came early to Amorsolo. His
professors at the University of the Philippines were quite impressed
with the young painter. Some of them thought that Amorsolo’s brush
work surpassed their own. Apparently they were not the only ones who had
this favorable opinion of the young artist.
The artist became a professor in his early
20’s and was already establishing himself in the art world. At the age
of 25, he was already married to Salud
Jorge and had a daughter, Virginia, when he caught the eye of
one of the most influential figures in Filipino society.
Amorsolo had designed the logo for Ginebra San Miguel, still in use in
its original form today, depicting St. Michael vanquishing the devil.
The owner of the beverage company, Don Enrique Zobel, a leading
figure in the business community and an ardent patron of the arts, was
so impressed by his work that he offered to send Amorsolo to the
Academia de San Fernando in Madrid for further studies with a
generous stipend for himself and his young family. The artist took
the standard entrance exam at the Academia. To Amorsolo’s
surprise, after evaluating his work, the school informed him that, based
on the results, they would accept him not as a student but as a
professor at the school.
Amorsolo was a painfully shy man.
After his acceptance at the Academia, a banquet was held in his honor.
When he was escorted into the banquet hall, he was so nervous that he
excused himself to go to the men’s room. He hurriedly went through
the back door and went back to his hotel room. A school official
later found him and prevailed on him to return to the banquet. He
steadfastly refused. It is ironic that someone as talented and
accomplished as Amorsolo was also known for his diffidence.
Throughout his career, he shied away from any public event that was
thrown in his honor. His confidence was almost purely reserved and
confined to the practice of his trade. His precise brush work
certainly shows someone who was very sure of his artistic skills.
So confident was Amorsolo of his brush stroke that art conservationists
have frequently been surprised at how thinly paint was applied on his
paintings. It took him significantly fewer attempts, and
consequently fewer layers of paint, to get the results that he wanted.
Amorsolo was by no means a Renaissance man.
He had no other significant talent other than illustration and painting.
Unlike artists such as John Singer Sargent, who was also an
accomplished pianist, Amorsolo’s hands were permanently and solely
associated with the paint brush. As a consequence of this
exclusive association, the artist truly became the master of his craft.
Amorsolo eventually settled in and spent
seven months in Madrid where he was able to observe the works of the
masters. He visited art galleries and museums to study the works
of Diego Velasquez, El Greco, Goya, Monet, Manet, Van Dyck, Sargent,
and Joaquin Sorolla. It is here where he honed his skills
and perfected his technique. Diego Velasquez was one of his major
influences, learning from his superior brush work, painterly style, and
mastery of color. He would also learn from and build upon
Sorolla’s technique of utilizing the sun to draw out the most dramatic
effects from the heightened sunlit colors and dramatic contrasts between
light and shade. The perfection of this technique would set
Amorsolo apart from his contemporaries.
Despite his exposure to Western influences,
Amorsolo retained his Filipino consciousness. He was drawn more
towards the gentle rolling hills and verdant rice fields of the
Philippines rather than the cosmopolitan world of Europe’s proud cities.
Even his illustrations of Spanish women were drawn with slender
physiques, narrower hips, and smaller breasts more typical of Filipinas
rather than full bodied Caucasian women.
After his stint in Madrid, Amorsolo came
home to the Philippines ready to apply what he learned. His bright
sunlit rural landscapes were a stark departure from the elegantly dark
European style that was practiced during the time. American
servicemen, officials, and businessmen sought out his paintings to bring
home to the States as a token of remembrance for their stay in the
Philippines. Amorsolo made his mark and carved a niche for himself
in the local art scene. Demand for his chosen genre reached a high
point.
Amorsolo’s
first wife passed away in 1931 leaving him with six children. He
had six more children by a common-law wife. In 1935, he married Maria
del Carmen who gave him eight more children. Fortunately, his
reputation was growing as fast as his brood and his work was more than
enough to provide for his rather large family.
The
War Years
Just as his career was reaching its peak
the Philippines found itself in the midst of the second World War.
The artist and his family lived in the middle of the Japanese-occupied city of Manila
and were not spared from the grim realities of war. Amorsolo
rented another house near Raon
Street where the women and
children stayed while the men occupied the Azcarraga
residence during the daytime which was near a Japanese garrison.
Amorsolo did not let the war stop him from painting but his work took a
dramatic turn.
Difficult times during the war took its
toll on the artist and his family. Amorsolo’s customer base
dissipated in the face of the tough economic situation. Acquiring
painting materials was a challenge. More importantly, Amorsolo was
deprived of his frequent sojourns to the rural areas of Marikina,
Antipolo,
and other locales in the outskirts of Manila where he painted his
popular landscapes. Not having access to his traditional settings,
his paintings took on a darker tone.
During the
war, Amorsolo’s younger brother
Pablo, an accomplished artist in
his own right, was branded a Japanese sympathizer. He was captured
and executed by Filipino guerillas in Antipolo.
This personal tragedy, in addition to the devastation all around him,
weighed heavily on the artist.
Depictions of
human suffering and tragedy dominated his canvases. The idyllic
world within which the introverted artist chose to confine himself was
torn asunder. It was during this time that Amorsolo’s work truly
embodied the artist’s inner self. The paintings were not made in
conjunction with a client’s preferences but were reflections of the
conflicting emotions raging within. Amorsolo was deeply affected
as he watched his surroundings ravaged by war. He painted burning
edifices and mothers fleeing the scene with their children in tow.
Women’s faces were filled with terror and despair as they were engulfed
by death and destruction in their surroundings. Gone were the
ebullient smiles, replaced by expressions of desolation. Rather
than the noontime sun illuminating the main subjects, flames and embers
from the burning ruins became the primary light source casting an eerie
ominous glow.
Even during this dark period, Amorsolo
chose to portray despair not with an emotional outpouring of grief.
It was very rare that a person in his paintings would be depicted
screaming with rage or wailing in intense displays of emotion.
Tragedy was portrayed through subtle means. In one of his more
famous works, a woman is pictured clutching her veil while kneeling in
front of her dead son --- apparently a guerilla soldier killed during a
battle. The woman is looking up to the sky with a calm look of
sorrow on her face. The subtle and restrained depiction proved to
be a more powerful portrayal as the woman’s tearless eyes conveyed a
more intense form of pain. It communicated to the viewer the deep
sense of loss a mother feels when her child is taken away from her.
On the flip side, men were represented not with expressions of rage but
with looks of defiance. In his piece entitled Defensa de Honor,
the man protecting the woman from being raped by a Japanese soldier had
a determined but subdued expression. This was conveyed by the
fiery expression in his eyes and the slight but firm downward turn of
the corners of his mouth. Amidst the tragedy of the war, Amorsolo
still inserted a hint of hope personified by the implied resistance of
his characters to the occupying Japanese forces. His wartime
paintings are considered among his finest work and were exhibited at
Malacanang Palace
in 1948.
The
Prime of his Career
In the period after the war, the artist
resumed his rudely interrupted career. The next two decades saw the
blossoming of Amorsolo’s art. He went back to painting the bright
sun-drenched countryside scenes for which he was most well-known. He
reached the peak of his popularity in the late 1940’s and 1950’s
garnering numerous awards and citations along the way. Amorsolo was
widely recognized as the most influential artist of his time.
The end of the war saw
the Philippines gain its independence from the United States. As
a young republic it was seeking its own national identity. Amorsolo’s
work was naturally seen as the embodiment of a Filipino culture unique
from that of the new country’s former colonial masters. His genre
paintings were in such high demand that he catalogued his works.
Prospective clients would choose the painting they wanted. The artist
then painted a different version of the chosen subjects.
Amorsolo’s prodigious
output was helped in no small way by the speed with which the artist was
able to finish his work. His strokes were so sure and true that he was
able to finish a painting in a significantly shorter period of time. It
is believed that the oil paintings that he produced number into the
thousands. If his drawings, sketches, and studies are added, his total
output was in excess of ten thousand pieces. At one point, he was able
to finish no less than ten paintings in a typical month. Part of the
motivation for this incredible pace was the need to support his large
family.
The artist was roundly
criticized for his machine-like efficiency. Furthermore, a blossoming
modern art movement, who considered Amorsolo the de facto leader of the
classical realist school, saw him as a natural target. He never raised
his voice nor took up the cudgel in his own defense yet he had no
shortage of defenders who took up the fight. Among his staunchest
supporters was Guillermo Tolentino, the finest sculptor the
country ever produced and Amorsolo’s best friend. When asked why he did
not speak up in his own defense, the artist responded with a shrug and
said that he had already matured as an artist. He had nothing left to
prove and was comfortable painting what he wished in the form of
expression that he chose. His customers stood by his side and demand
for his paintings remained high.
The
Sunset of his Life
Amorsolo worked until the last year of his
life. Age was starting to catch up with him. He was afflicted with
diabetes and arthritis in addition to his heart condition. His eyesight
was also beginning to fail him and he had to undergo a cataract
operation. In his later works, his compromised vision led to wayward
brush strokes of red and blue lines where a mound of earth should be.
Despite these challenges, the quality of his output remained at high
levels and the popularity of his work never waned.
What were probably the
most painful tragedies struck him in his later years. In 1964, his
eldest son Fernando, Jr. died from asthma and tuberculosis. The
artist was so grief-stricken that he could not bear to attend his own
son’s funeral. Seven years later in 1971, his youngest child Milo
died in a car accident. The pain of having to bury two of his children
was too much for Amorsolo to bear. Five days short of a year after Milo
died, Amorsolo died of heart failure on April 24, 1972.
Amorsolo’s work continues to resonate among his countrymen decades after
his death. His portrayals of an ideal and beautiful world drew the most
ardent praises and the harshest criticisms. To understand the artist
one has to appreciate the man behind Amorsolo. He was shy, innocent,
and most importantly pure. These traits spilled over onto his canvas.
It was not because Amorsolo was not capable of recognizing the dark side
of society. He had his share of heartbreak and disappointment in his
life but he deliberately isolated himself from these and chose to
portray the bright side of the world. Not a shred of wickedness
permeated his character and as a result his art is the purest
manifestation of beauty. The basic desire to identify with what is good
is what people inherently have in common with the artist. It is for
this legacy that Amorsolo will be most fondly remembered.
Chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, Renato Corona, was removed from office
The chief justice of the Philippine Supreme Court, Renato Corona, was removed from office after an impeachment trial and conviction by the Senate for failure to declare about $4.2m.
The vote was a watershed moment in Philippine politics, marking the first time an upper level official has been impeached and removed through official channels.
Renato Tirso Antonio Coronado Corona was a Filipino judge who was the 23rd chief justice of the Philippines from 2010 to 2012.Wikipedia
The First Unfurling of the Philippine National Flag
Today in History - May 28, 1898 - The Philippine flag was first unfurled after Battle at Alapan
On May 28, 1898, the Philippine flag was first unfurled after the Philippine Revolutionary Army defeated Spanish forces in the "Battle at Alapan", Imus, Cavite. The national flag was yet to be formally announced on the day of that battle. It was formally presented to the people on June 12, 1898.
From 1919, when the Philippine flag was once more legalized, until 1940, Flag Day was observed in October, the date the Philippine Legislature had restored the flag. From 1941 to 1964, Flag Day was commemorated on the date the national flag was unfurled in Kawit: June 12.
However, in 1965, since Flag Day coincided with Independence Day, in order to commemorate the date the national emblem was first unfurled in battle, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 374, 1965, which moved National Flag Day to May 28.
On May 23, 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No. 179, stretching National Flag Day into an extended period, from May 28 to June 12, culminating in the celebration of Independence Day. All Filipinos are encouraged to display the Philippine flag in all offices, agencies, and instruments of government, business establishments, schools, and private homes throughout this period.
(from "The Flag Days: May 28 to June 1", Official Gazette, GOVPH)
May 28 is Philippine Flag Day
Before his return to the Philippinesto resume the revolution, General Emilio Aguinaldo had a flag sewn in Hong Kong. This was the flag displayed during the declaration of independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite which, since then (with minor modifications) had become the national flag of the Philippines. On February 12, 1998, President Fidel Ramos signed Republic Act 8491, known as the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines," prescribing the code of the National flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms and other heraldic items and devices of the Philippines. Under Section 26 of this code, the official celebration of "Flag Days" was prescribed from May 28 to June 12. May 28 as "Flag Day" was first proclaimed in 1965 by President Diosdado Macapagal. This day commemorates the date when thePhilippine flag, brought home by General Aguinaldo was first unfurled.
May 28, 1898 was the date of the first military engagement of Filipino revolutionary forces in the renewed revolution against Spain. Also considered as their first major victory, it inspired General Aguinaldo to display for the first time, the Philippine flag. But while the battle took place in Alapan, Imus, Cavite; the first unfurling of the flag, contrary to some history textbook accounts, happened in Cavite City, then known as Cavite Nuevo (new Cavite) or Cavite Puerto (Cavite Port) where the army's Cuartel Heneral, the Teatro Caviteño was located.
Revisiting the events before the battle of Alapan
Gen Aguinaldo / Adm Dewey / Col Leyba
On May 19, 1898, between noon and one o'clock in the afternoon General Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite from Hong Kong aboard the revenue cutter McCulloch, which was sent for him by American Admiral George Dewey. Dewey was responsible for the destruction of the Spanish Armada in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, in the naval battle that brought the Spanish-American War to the Philippines. General Aguinaldo, with his adjutant and secretary Colonel Jose Leyba, met him for the first time aboard his flagship, USS Olympia; where they talked about the previous conferences initiated by U.S. Consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounseville Wildman between the 22nd and 25th of April 1898.
(Aguinaldo in his memoirs recalled that he met with Pratt and Wildman in Singapore. In this meeting, he was persuaded to resume the revolution with the assurance from Admiral George Dewey, accordingto Pratt, that the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines. There was no written, formal agreement as he was assured that the words of a U.S. Consul and an Admiral weresufficient guarantees.)
Dewey and Aguinaldo also discussed the arms shipment being delayed in China for which, Dewey offered to dispatch a streamer to expedite its arrival. Dewey was said to have also advised Aguinaldo that should they destroy the power of Spain, the hoisting of a Philippine National Flag would appear more important and credible in the eyes of the world and the United States in particular.
After the meeting with Admiral Dewey, General Aguinaldo went directly to the shorelines of Cavite Puerto to meet the revolutionary forces from Bataan purposely to hand the order of general uprising in the provinces of Bataan and Zambales. The following day, May 20, 1898, seventy two Filipino (Spanish military) volunteers from San Roque and Caridad armed with Remington and Mauser rifles surrendered to General Aguinaldo and they were dispatched to Dalahican, Cavite to prevent the Spanish soldiers from entering Cavite Puerto. On the same day sixty two Mausers with rounds of ammunition, seized from a Spanish warship and brought from Corregidor Island by the USS Petrel, arrived at the dock of theCavite Arsenaland immediately distributed to the revolutionaries.
On the night of May 20, 1898, Aguinaldo sent General Luciano San Miguel to the revolutionary armies of Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas (Quezon), Bulacan, Morong (Rizal), Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija and other parts of Southern Luzon to carry the order to raise arms against the Spaniards. Copies of the order also circulated in the province of Cavite.
Aguinaldo establishes dictatorial government
Calle Arsenal, 1897
General Aguinaldo took temporary residence at the headquarters of the Naval Commander in Cavite Arsenal. However, when the revolutionary troops began to arrive on May 21 and May 23, he left the Cavite Arsenal and transferred his military headquarters to the mansion of fellow MasonMaximo Inocencio, at Calle Arsenal, Cavite Puerto (now P. Gomez St. in Samonte Park, Cavite City).
On May 24, 1898 at the same mansion, General Aguinaldo established a dictatorial, revolutionary government. According to his proclamation, the dictatorship was to last only “until the time when these islands, being under complete control, may form a constitutional republican assembly and appoint a president and cabinet, into whose hands I shall then resign the command of these islands.”
The Maximo Inocencio mansion was then made also his temporary residence and the Teatro Caviteño, adjacent to the walls of Porta Vaga his temporary military headquarters.
Arms shipment arrives
Hospital de San Juan de Dios, Cavite
General Aguinaldo later transferred his dictatorial government to the former Casa Gobierno Civil of the Spanish authorities, also in Cavite Puerto. On May 25, 1898, Teatro Caviteño was established as the Cuartel Heneral or Military General Headquarters. Aguinaldo also established the Hospital de San Juan de Dios for the Filipino revolutionaries.
It was while he was at the Casa Gobierno Civil when the arms shipment consisting of 1,999 rifles, 200,000 rounds of ammunitions, and other special armaments of war arrived at the dock of the Cavite Arsenal. The armaments were immediately distributed to various provinces; reserving a portion for the Revolutionary Army of Cavite El Viejo (Kawit troops).
The battle of Alapan was an unexpected event.
On the evening of May 27 in preparation for the general uprising scheduled for May 31, 1898, the Revolutionary Army of Kawit started distributing firearms and ammunition in Alapan, Imus, Cavite.
The following day, May 28, while still distributing firearms, the army saw Spanish Military columns composed of more than 270 Naval Infantry led by Captain Pedro Castila (Pedro Janolino). The troops were sent by Spanish Brigadier General Leopoldo Garcia Peña for the purpose of seizing the reported consignment of arms.
Fierce fighting erupted at 10:00 o'clock in the morning and lasted until 3:00 in the afternoon. The Filipino troops emerged victorious and the Spaniards surrendered when they ran out of ammunition. Together with all the confiscated firearms, the Filipino revolutionaries brought the captured Spanish soldiers to Cavite Puerto.They presented the prisoners to General Emilio Aguinaldo.
In acknowledgement of the first victory of the Filipino Revolutionary Army, General Aguinaldo brought out the Philippine flag and in the presence of his men and the crowd unfurled and hoisted it amidst the tremendous applause and loud, spontaneous and prolonged cheers for “Independent Philippines.” The event was witnessed by several officers and marines from the American Squadron. The arrival of the captured Spanish soldiers and the hoisting of the first Filipino flag in front of Teatro Caviteño was also witnessed by Felipe Buencamino, an emissary of Governor Captain General Basilio Augustin. He was at the tower of the Osorio mansion detained, by order of General Aguinaldo upon advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and Felipe Calderon. Buencamino remained guarded by General Mascardo until June 6, 1898.
Again, the Philippine flag was hoisted on the day of the planned general uprising, May 31, 1898, when Filipino troops gained their second victory in Binakayan a barrio of Kawit, as they overran the Spanish Polvorin (powder-magazine) and garrison where 250 Spanish soldiers were captured. The flag was also seen flying over the steeple of the church in Bacoor after a garrison of about 300 Spanish troops surrendered to the Filipino Revolutionary Army.
Today in History May 27, 1942 Czech resistance fighters kill Reinhard Heydrich
The high-ranking German Nazi official was one of the main architects of the Holocaust. In retaliation, the Nazis murdered all male inhabitants over 15 years of age in the Czech village of Lidice and deported most of the remaining people to concentration camps.
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the United States colonial
government established a Culion Leper Colony in Culion Island in Palawan.
This, in order to rid leprosy from the Philippine Islands
through the only method known at the time: isolating all existing cases and
gradually phasing out the disease from the population. In addition to
segregating the disease from the rest of the population, the island was later
established in order to offer a better opportunity for people afflicted with
leprosy to receive adequate care and treatments.
The first known origin of leprosy in the Philippines dates
back to the time of the first Spanish Exploration of the Philippines. In the
sixteenth century, Franciscan Friars established a shelter for the care of
those afflicted with leprosy close to their monastery in Manila. The Hospital
of San Lazaro in Manila (opened in c. 1577) was run by Franciscan Friars,
became a hospital that catered from patients afflicted with leprosy (Saint
Lazarus the Leper is the patron saint of the lepers) and other diseases. San Juan
de Dios Hospital (established c. 1578), pioneered by the Franciscans also
helped.
During the American colonization of the Philippines, the
Manila Board of Health required the isolation of cases of leprosy from the rest
of the public. After an investigation of a number of sites, the island of
Culion was selected as a segregation colony in 1901. On October 27, 1902, the
Second Philippine Commission appropriated an initial amount of $50,000 for the
establishment of Culion under the Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester and
Director of Health Victor G. Heiser.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, surveys estimated
that approximately 3,500 to 4,000 people with leprosy, and new cases were
developing each year. On May 27, 1906, the first contingent of 370 patients
from Cebu was brought to Culion by two Coast Guard cutters, the Polilio and the
Mindanao.
On September 12, 1907, under Governor General James Francis
Smith, Act 1711 of the Philippine Commission was passed that gave full
responsibility to the Director of Health, Victor G. Heiser, for the compulsory
segregation of the lepers, and confinement and treatment in Culion. The
segregation system initially received resistance from Filipinos afflicted with
leprosy. In an attempt to popularize the island so that patients went to Culion
willingly, Heiser sent agents to Filipino towns to disseminate information
about Culion’s housing, the type of food the residents would eat, and the
medical facilities available. Nevertheless, many of the islands’ inhabitants made
great effort to evade Heiser’s segregation program.
The island was initially staffed by one physician, Dr.
Charles F. de Mey, five French sisters of the Congregation of the Sisters of
Saint Paul of Chartres (SPC), a Jesuit priest and several other employees. The
staff eventually grew to include a Chief Physician, twelve clinical physicians,
one dental surgeon, one pharmacist, twenty-one graduate nurses, thirteen
sisters of the Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres and 150 nursing aids.
As more resources became available, the colony began to put
effort into expanding construction and building its own community. Since
leprosy confined only patients in its most severe form to bed, patients were
allowed to organize their own municipal government with its police force, civic
courts and currency system, isolated from the rest of the Philippine islands.
Under the direction of Heiser, the colony's municipal government was made up of
a Chief Physician and representatives from each tribal group living on the
island, composing of the Visayan, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Ilongo, Moro,
English and Americans. Each representative, by popular vote, was elected every
two years by a person of both sexes and of age between 18 and 60 years old.
This system was established in 1908, making it the first instance of women’s
suffrage in the Philippines.
Culion’s decline began with staff layoffs during the
financial crisis of 1933. After 1935, only leprosy patients who preferred life
at Culion as opposed to life at a leprosarium closer to their region were
shipped to Culion. Due to advanced treatment methods and the influence of
regional clinics, Culion lost its eminence as a model leprosarium and had its
population reduced to 739 in 1978.
On June 22, 1988, Congress passed R.A. No. 6659 that
authorized qualified residents of Culion Leper Colony to vote for the elective
provincial officials of the Province of Palawan. In 1991, Speaker Ramon Mitra
and House Representative David Ponce De Leon introduced a house bill for the
creation of the Municipality of Culion. On February 12, 1992, President Corazon
C. Aquino signed Republic Act 7193 creating the Municipality of Culion in the
Province of Palawan.
On October 29, 1998, through Department of Health
Administrative Order No. 20-A Series of 1998, administrative control and
authority over the Municipality of Culion was officially transferred from the
Department of Health to the Municipality ending nearly one century of
administrative control by the health department over Culion Island. On March 12,
2001, Republic Act 9032 signed by President Gloria Macapacal Arroyo expanded
the area of jurisdiction of the Municipality of Culion, Province of Palawan,
amending for the purpose Republic Act 7193.
In May 2017, the Philippine National Commission for UNESCO
began its initiative to prepare the records of Culion’s leprosy documentary
heritage, which will be nominated in the future in the Memory of the World
Register – Asia and the Pacific. In May 2018, the Culion Museum and Archives
was officially nominated by the Philippines in the UNESCO Memory of the World
Register – Asia and the Pacific.
Sources and References:
1. “Culion Leprosy Archives (2018) – Memory of the World
Committee for Asia and the Pacific”; Annual report of the Philippine
Commission, 1907
2. Dr. Heiser, V., An American Doctor’s Odyssey. W. W.
Norton & Company, 1936
3. Burkholder, S., & Hart, I. (2008, November 21).
History of the San Lazaro Hospital
4. Wheeler, M. M. (1913). “The Culion leper colony.” The
American Journal of Nursing. 13(9), 633–669
5. Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
6. Wikimedia Commons
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On May 26, 1859, Felipe Agoncillo, considered as the first Filipino diplomat assigned by the Revolutionary Government to campaign
for recognition of Philippine independence by foreign countries, was born in Taal, Batangas.
Agoncillo, a brilliant lawyer who got perfect score in the Bar
examination, was assigned by General Emilio Aguinaldo to lobby with
foreign
entities that the Filipinos were well civilized people and capable of
maintaining a stable government.
Late in 1898, Agoncillo went to the United States and filed petition
after petition urging recognition of Philippine independence, but US
President William McKinley refused to heed his appeal.
After being ignored by the US president, Agoncillo proceeded to Paris,
France to present the Philippine cause at the peace conference convened
between Spain and the US, where a meeting was to be held to discuss Cuba
and the Philippines. Agoncillo tried to submit a memorandum but again
failed. The people behind the meeting did not want to have any official
dealings with him. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was
successfully signed.
Two days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Agoncillo returned to
the United States and endeavored to block ratification of the treaty by
the US. Although this was signed by the commissioners, it was not yet
approved by the Senate of the United States. He filed a State memorandum
to
express that Filipinos must be recognized by the United States.
In 1907, he was elected to represent Batangas province, among others, to the Philippine Assembly.
He was appointed as Secretary of Interior in 1923 during the
administration of Governor General Leonard Wood and fought for the
Filipinization of
the government service.
Chinese and Japanese for public works was prioritized but thwarted by Augustinian Recollects
#OnThisDay May
26, 1609, during the early period of the Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines, a law was passed that regulates the services of the Filipino
natives by prioritizing the hiring of Chinese and Japanese for public works;
and the Filipino natives should be expected to work voluntarily.
The Augustinian Recollects attempted to thwart this order by
later asking the king (via letter dated June 30, 1610) that they be released
from such restrictions, and claiming that such law would ruin their work in the
archipelago. Later on, the king of Spain granted the request of the Recollects.
Philippine relations with the Chinese and Japanese, which
began during pre-Magellanic times, continued throughout the Spanish period. At
the beginning of their rule, the Spanish authorities cultivated the goodwill
and friendship of both Chinese and Japanese in order to retain their valuable
economic services and to preserve Manila’s lucrative trade with China and
Japan. However, distrust and suspicion marred the Spanish policy. At various
times, the Philippines was rocked by Chinese and Japanese uprisings, which were
suppressed at the heavy cost of many human lives and much property damage.
During the Spanish times, the Chinese were called Sangleys.
The term was derived from xiang and ley; the two words combined means
“traveling merchant.” The early Spaniards asked the Chinese traders in Manila
who they were, and the latter replied: “Xiangley.” The Spaniards, not knowing
the Chinese language, thought that the term applied to Chinese nationality;
hence, they applied the name Sangley to all Chinese.
The economic life of the Philippines during the Spanish
times also depended on Chinese labor and industry. The Chinese residents were
merchants, agriculturist, masons, bankers, painter, shoemakers, metalworkers,
and laborers.
Notwithstanding their valuable economic services, the
Chinese were not given fair treatment by the Spanish authorities. The
increasing number of Chinese immigrants was viewed with suspicion and fear, for
a large Chinese community was regarded as a peril to Spanish rule. To
discourage Chinese immigration, the Spanish authorities taxed them heavily – 64
reales for permission to stay, 5 reales for tribute, and 12 reales for owning a
house.
The Parian (also Parian de Arroceros was an area adjacent to
Intramuros) was the Chinatown in Manila during the Spanish times. It played a
significant role in the history of the Philippines. Originally, the Parian was
situated on the south bank of the Pasig River near the Santo Domingo Church.
Upon this site, the first Parian was erected by Governor General Gonzalo
Ronquillo de Peñalosa in 1581.
Chinese immigrants continued to enter the Philippines, their
population thus increased year in and year out. From around 150 Chinese in
1571, the number of Chinese residents swelled to 10,000 in 1588, 30,000 in
1603, 40,000 in 1748, 67,000 in 1886, and 100,000 in 1896.
The first known contact between the Japanese and the
Spaniards was in 1570 when Spanish Marshal Martín de Goiti, after capturing
Raha Sulayman’s Islamic kingdom of Maynilad, found twenty Japanese residents.
One of them was named Pablo, a Christian. Evidently, he had been converted to
Christianity in Japan by the Jesuit missionaries before he came to live in
Manila. Two years later (1572), Captain Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from
Manila to the Ilocos, encountered three Japanese piratical junks off the coast
of Pangasinan and drove them away after a spirited fight.
In the early years of Spanish rule, trade with Japan, which
began during pre-Magellanic times, was encouraged by the government. Annually
in March, Japanese vessels from Nagasaki anchored at Manila Bay, bringing
salted meats, utensils, weapons, writing cases, and other Japanese products.
They returned home in June, laden with raw Chinese silk, gold, deerskin, wax,
earthen jars, and other Philippine exports. In succeeding years, more Japanese
ships came to Manila for purposes of trade.
Japanese settlers in the Philippines were fewer than the
Chinese. They were better treated by Spanish authorities and no discriminatory
laws were made against them, unlike in the case of the Chinese. This was due to
the fact that the Japanese were a valiant and fighting people, hence the
Spaniards feared and respected them.
Most of the Japanese immigrants who settled in the
Philippines were Christians. They were expelled from their own country because
of their Christian faith. In 1619, the Japanese population had reached around
2,000, and in 1621, this number increased to 3,000. The closing of Japan to the
world by Shogun Iyemitsu in 1639 stopped Japanese immigration to the
Philippines. Thus, the Japanese population in the Philippines dwindled.
In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry, leading a squadron of American
warships, reopened Japan to the world. Consequently, Philippine-Japanese
relations were revived. In 1875, a Japanese economic mission visited Manila to
promote Philippine-Japanese trade. The Japanese consulate was established in
Manila in 1889. Filipino patriots who were persecuted by the Spanish
authorities fled to Japan, where they were welcomed.
Sources and References:
1. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands,
1493-1898: Volume
XVII, 1609-1616, by Various, Edited and annotated by Emma
Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson
2. Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide, History of the
Republic of the Philippines, Metro Manila, 1983, 1987, pp. 97, 99, 102, 106
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